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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (3) : 635-656    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0955-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The classification and significance of fine-grained deposits of micro-laminae rich in unconventional oil and gas resources
Li DONG1,2, Ying LI3(), Dongdong WANG2, Haiyan LIU2, Guangzeng SONG4, Zengxue LI2(), Fanfei KONG1, Lusheng YIN2
1. Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Sinopec, Beijing 102206, China
2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
3. Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
4. School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Abstract

In this study, an in-depth analysis of the types, characteristics, and formation mechanisms of micro-laminae and microscopic laminae was conducted in order to precisely examine the link or intersection of stratigraphy and petrology. This study was essentially a sedimentary examination of the minuteness-macro and micro-tiny layers between laminae and pore structure, as well as the types of structures and sedimentation. The results of this study bear important basic subject attributes and significance, as well as practical value for the basic theories and exploration applications of unconventional oil and gas geology. The quantitative data were obtained using the following: field macroscopic observations; measurements; intensive sampling processes; XRD mineral content analysis; scanning electron microscopy; high-power polarizing microscope observations; and micro-scale measurements. The quantitative parameters, such as laminae thicknesses, laminae properties, organic matter laminae, and laminae spatial distributions were unified within a framework, and the correlations among them were established for the purpose of forming a fine-grained deposition micro-laminae evaluation system. The results obtained in this research investigation established a basis for the classification of micro-laminae, and divided the micro-laminae into four categories and 20 sub-categories according to the development thicknesses, material compositions, organic matter content levels, and the spatial distributions of the micro-laminae. The classification scheme of the micro-laminae was divided into two categories and 12 sub-categories. Then, in accordance with the comprehensive characteristics of spatial morphology, the micro-laminae was further divided into the following categories: continuous horizontal laminae; near horizontal laminae; slow wavy laminae; wavy laminae; discontinuous laminae; and lenticular laminae. According to the structural properties of the laminae development, the micro-laminae was divided into the following categories: single laminae structures; laminated laminae structures; interlaminar structures; multiple mixed laminae structures; cyclic laminae structures; and progressive laminae structures. The research results were considered to be applicable for the scientific evaluations of reservoir spaces related to unconventional oil and gas resources.
Keywords fine-grained deposits      recognition of laminae types      microscopic laminae      recognition of fine laminae      laminae origins     
Corresponding Author(s): Ying LI,Zengxue LI   
Online First Date: 07 July 2022    Issue Date: 29 December 2022
 Cite this article:   
Li DONG,Ying LI,Dongdong WANG, et al. The classification and significance of fine-grained deposits of micro-laminae rich in unconventional oil and gas resources[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2022, 16(3): 635-656.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-021-0955-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/635
Number Classification Implication
1 Laminae The smallest unit of stratigraphic division in stratigraphy. From the perspective of stratigraphy and petrography, stratigraphy is the smallest unit of macroscopic stratigraphic identification.
2 Laminated composite A group of laminae having similar features.
3 Laminated sequence The phenomenon that several laminae are stacked regularly in the vertical direction.
4 Fine grain laminae Refers especially to the various laminae in fine grain deposits
5 Superfine grain laminae It refers to the laminae whose scale and thickness are smaller than the traditional laminae and can be recognized macroscopically.
6 Microscopic laminae It refers to the smaller grades of laminae identified by the microscope, which can be characterized in terms of scale, thickness and composition, but does not belong to the category of petrology (rock ore appraisal).
7 Evaluation system of superfine grain laminae It refers to the system to determine, classify and calculate the index of quantitative and scientific evaluation of sedimentary laminae.
Tab.1  Determination of several basic concepts related to lamination
Fig.1  Collection points and core characteristics of the fine-grained laminae samples. (a) Mud shale of Well NY 1 (left) and siltstone of Well FY 1 (right) of the Shengli Oilfield; (b) organic rich mudstone of Well ZK1 in the Longgu Coal Mine, Juye Coalfield, Heze City (left: 1054.2 m; right: 1110.7 m); (c) siltstone from the Beilaishi Profile of Huangdao Lingshan Island; (d) distribution of the sampling points.
Fig.2  Basic classification and observed correlations of the fine laminae.
Classification basis Laminae types and characteristics
laminae thickness (Fig.3) ①laminae:Single laminate thickness between 1–5 mm >50%; ②Thin laminae:Single laminate thickness between 0.1–1 mm >50%; ③Paper-thin laminae:with single laminate thickness between 0.01–0.1 mm >50%; ④Thinner laminae:thickness of single laminae between 1–5 mm, 0.1–1 mm, and 0.01–0.1 mm were all < 50%, and between 0.1–1 mm > between 0.01–0.1 mm;
laminae property (Fig.4) ①Silt laminae:silty sand class >50%; ②laminae containing silt:argillaceous >50%; ③Mixed laminae:mixed layer >50%; ④Mixed-silt laminae:silty sand class <50%, argillaceous <50%, mixed layer <50%, and the content of silty sand class was higher than the argillaceous content;⑤Silt-mixed laminae:silty sand class <50%, argillaceous <50, mixed layer <50%, and the argillaceous contentwas higher than the content of silty sand class.
Organic content (Fig.5) ①Organic laminae:organic content >50%, the sum content of heterogeneous and matrix <50%; ②Heterogeneous laminae:Heterogeneous content >50%, the sum content of organic and matrix <50%; ③Matrix laminae:Matrix content >50%, the sum content of organic and heterogeneous <50%, actually an inconspicuous laminae;④Organic-heterogeneous laminae:heterogeneous laminae <50%, organic laminae <50%, matrix laminae <50%, and heterogeneous laminae was more than matrix laminae; ⑤Organic-matrix laminae:heterogeneous laminae <50%, organic laminae <50%, matrix laminae <50%, and matrix laminae was more than heterogeneous laminae.
laminar spatial distribution (Fig.6) ①Continuous laminae:heterogeneous components distributing continuously >50%; ②Discontinuous laminae:the discontinuous and stable heterogeneous components >50%; ③Lenticular laminae:the discontinuous and unstable heterogeneous components >50%; ④Continuous - discontinuous laminae:discontinuous laminae <50%, continuous laminae <50%, lenticular laminae <50%, and discontinuous laminae > lenticular laminae; ⑤Continuous - lenticular laminae:discontinuous laminae <50%, continuous laminae <50%, lenticular laminae <50%, and discontinuous laminae < lenticular laminae.
Tab.2  Classification basis and characteristics of fine laminae
Fig.3  Quantitative description of the laminae thicknesses in Wells FY 1 and NY 1. (a) Laminae (Well FY 1; 3143.4 m); (b) thin laminae (Well NY 1; 3,419.94 m); (c) paper-thin laminae (Well NY 1; 3,499.95 m); (d) thinner laminae (Well NY 1; 441.75 m); (e) thinner laminae (Well NY 1; 3499.95 m).
Fig.4  Quantitative classifications of the laminae properties in Wells FY 1 and NY 1. (a) Silt laminae (Well NY 1; 3465 m); (b) laminae containing silt (Well FY 1; 3127.74 m); (c) mixed laminae (Well FY 1; 3138.8 m); (d) mixed-silt laminae (Well NY 1; 3325.5 m); (e) silt-mixed laminae (Well NY 1; 3575.8 m).
Fig.5  Classifications of the organic matter content in Wells FY 1 and NY 1. (a) Organic laminae (Well NY 1; 3465 m); (b) heterogeneous laminae (Well NY 1; 3465 m); (c) matrix laminae (Well NY 1; 3325.5 m); (d) organic-heterogeneous laminae (Well NY 1; 3419.94 m); (e) organic-matrix laminae (Well NY 1; 3419.94).
Fig.6  Spatial distributions of the laminae in Wells FY 1 and NY 1. (a) Continuous laminae (Well NY 1; 3460.5 m); (b) discontinuous laminae (Well NY 1; 3415.04 m); (c) lenticular laminae (Well NY 1; 3317.3 m); (d) continuous-discontinuous laminae (Well FY 1; 3113.8 m);(e) continuous-lenticular laminae (Well NY 1; 3325.5 m).
Fig.7  Comprehensive index and classification procedure for fine laminae classification.
Step Methods Research content
a The information of fine grained sediments and small sedimentary structures in fine grained rocks is collected, measured, classified. There are many small structures in fine-grained sediments and fine-grained rocks, so it is necessary to collect, measure, screen, remove the false and retain the true, and classify and analyze the laminae and micro-fine laminae.
b Fine grained deposition and identification and classification of fine grained lithostratigraphic properties laminae properties are the basis of lamellar classification, properties are the characteristics of all the laminae.
b1. laminae and fine laminae dominated by rigid fine particles, including small quartz particles, other hard minerals and cutting materials;
b2. The laminae and fine laminae units formed by the mixed layer, that is, the main body of the laminae and fine laminae is mixed material, and all kinds of substances are in the same proportion;
b3. The lamination unit is the lamination and fine lamination mainly composed of organic matter, which are the unique properties of fine grain sediments and fine grained rocks, especially the lamination in coal-bearing strata.
c Layer types are identified, classified and measured one by one. Mainly from the following two aspects of screening, classification and measurement.
c1. Macroscopic classification refers to laminae and fine laminae which can be measured and identified by naked eyes;
c2. Microclassification is the identification, classification and measurement of laminae at a smaller level by means of microscope and other instruments.
d The thickness of fine grained deposits and various laminates in fine grained rocks are measured and classified. The laminar thickness is the key data to reflect the laminar characteristics and to evaluate the shale oil and gas reservoir characteristics.
d1. Measure and count the thickness of single laminae observed and screened one by one;
d2. laminae with the same or similar properties were classified into a laminae group and measured and counted respectively;
d3. For those with the same or similar properties on the whole and with certain distribution rules or overlapping forms in space, they are classified as a lamellar sequence for measurement and statistics.
e The lamellar morphological features are identified and classified. laminate morphology is related to the genesis of laminate formation, morphological characteristics play an important role in evaluating the practical value of laminae.
e1. Continuous laminae, that is, laminae and fine laminae are continuously distributed within a certain range, with small intervals and relatively stable laminae thickness;
e2. Discontinuous laminae, that is, laminae and fine laminae are distributed intermittently within a certain range, with discontinuity, but can be tracked and distributed along a certain direction and space generally;
e3. Lenticular laminae, that is, laminae and fine laminae are lenticular in a certain range, with significant intervals. laminae are lenticular bodies, but generally they can be tracked and distributed along a certain direction and space;
e4. Mixed laminae, that is, the material composition of the laminae is mixed, and the laminae are diversified in distribution, which may be traced from a continuous transition to a discontinuous or lenticular body in space.
f Identify the lamellar sequence. Establish the classification system of fine laminae.
f1. laminae and fine laminae thickness classification, that is, take the thickness data as the main variable to carry out the thickness classification, supplemented by the description of properties and substances;
f2. Classification of laminae and fine laminae is mainly based on property characteristics, with thickness as an auxiliary parameter;
f3. Classification of material arrangement of laminae and fine laminae, i.e., classification of material characteristics, with thickness as auxiliary parameter and attribute as description content;
f4. The classification of laminae and fine laminae spatial morphological characteristics, namely, quantitative description by thickness and laminae spacing parameters, supplemented by description of properties and material characteristics.
g Comprehensive index classification and evaluation. On the basis of the above steps, the classification scheme is finally made by integrating the qualitative and quantitative classification attribution and evaluation, and finally make classification scheme.
Tab.3  Steps for fine-grain deposition and fine laminae classification
Well number Carbonate mineral content/% Clay mineral content/% Clastic mineral content/%
Mean value Maximum value Minimum value Mean value Maximum value Minimum value Mean value Maximum value Minimum value
NY 1 45.49 93.00 1.00 35.57 83.70 2.90 26.23 51.40 4.10
FY 1 40.61 76.00 4.65 33.42 53.94 11.60 30.34 72.60 13.40
LY 1 37.54 70.00 3.00 41.40 80.30 17.40 29.53 44.50 14.60
Tab.4  Main mineral compositions of the fine-grained sedimentary rock
Fig.8  Ternary diagram of the mineral compositions.
Fig.9  Characteristics of the clay minerals as viewed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (a) Well NY 1, 3465 m, secondary electrons, illite/smectite formation; (b) Well NY 1, 3336 m, secondary electrons, sheet illite; (c) Well NY 1, 3345.7 m, secondary electrons, flocculent montmorillonite; (d) Well FY 1, 3100.6 m, back scattering, flaked kaolinite; (e) Well NY 1, 3441.75 m, back scattering, flower-like chlorite; (f) Well NY 1, 3345.7 m, secondary electrons, fibrous chlorite.
Fig.10  Organic core and microscopic characteristics. (a) Well NY 1, 3465 m, single polarization, black bands interlayered with carbonate minerals; (b) Well NY 1, 3336 m, single polarization, organic matter is scattered in the clay rock; (c) Well NY 1, 3465 m, core photographs, organic laminae; (d) Well NY 1, 3325.5 m, back scattering, dispersed organic matter; (e) Well FY 1, 3088.15 m, secondary electrons, dispersed organic matter.
Strata Depth/m Lithology Core sampling Detailed description of core
System Series Group Section
Paleogene Oligocene Shahejie Formation Chunxia submember of Es4U 3417.7 Lime mudstone ▲ The lamellar deformation was relatively consistent at 3417.7 m. Folds and rolls were developed in the lower lamellar group (Fig.11) with a thickness of 2 mm. A small soft deformation fracture was observed in the upper layer, and the sausage-like lamellar group was broken.
3419.94 Calcareous mudstone ▲ This depth is about 17 cm up and down, which is the same depositional deformation. Now it occurs between flat layers, and the laminae bend and the laminae thickness changes. The main laminae deformation is basically in the same phase, also develop wrap and flow structure (Fig.11), which reflected that the slight slope change caused by differential compaction and the change of unconsolidated sediments caused by gravity in thick sediments. The main laminate is about 1?2 mm, and most fine laminates are less than 1 mm. The flow pattern deformation laminae are found between the upper and lower normal layers (flat).
3434.5 Calcareous shale intercalated with calcareous shale It is mainly composed of very fine gray laminae, with light gray laminae sandwiched between them. Most of the laminae show transitional contact, and the color division lines are not obvious. However, the cycle of laminae group could be identified by the location of gray laminae. laminae are mostly composed of laminae less than 1 mm and more than 2 mm, and some laminae show slow wave shape. The laminae of less developed organic matter are similar in color and horizontal in shape.
3437.13 Calcareous mudstone The laminae containing organic matter are the main laminae, and several laminae group cycles can be identified, with a single cycle thickness ranging from 1 cm to 3 cm. The inner laminae of the cycle are well developed and easy to be recognized. The gray and white laminations are calcareous laminations, and the gray laminations are fine grain components. The individual laminations (parts) are less than 1 mm, presenting a horizontal shape. There is a thickness change in the thicker laminae, calcite laminae is mostly stable, but also lenticular. There are small synsedimentary faults, which are limited by fine cycles of laminae.
3449.98 Calcareous mudstone ▲ There are many fine laminae in the deformation section, and the fine laminae show sliding deformation along the same direction of the laminae formation, and the folds go along the laminae, and the deformation is severe and sharp, and the deposition breaks off and the sliding deformation occurs (Fig.11). Flow plastic deformation of suspected soft sediments in the direction of bedding force (Fig.11). The upper and lower laminae are held apart. Small soft fault deformation also developed.
3452.04 Shale The lamellar lamination is developed horizontally, the lamination thickness is < 1 mm, and there are organic laminae. The horizontal texture reflects the development of small cycles and is easy to identify, and can be recognized easily, interspersed with deep gray laminae (where fine laminae develop). The laminae of light gray are intermittently extended, but not in large proportion. laminar thickness is approximately <1 mm.
3460.5 Siltstone calcareous cement ▲ Grey/brown grey interleaved with light grey (organic matter laminae), the lamination cycle is clear, and the lamination surface is clear and can be opened along the lamination of organic matter. lamination is about 1mm thick, with horizontal, flat page.
3467.4 Calcareous mudstone intercalated with siltstone Stratified siltstones are developed from 3460.5 to 3462.5 m, and the laminar thickness is 0.1?0.3 mm, which is horizontal. The grey-black clay rock veins are interbedded with the grey-yellow siltstones (Fig.11), And then the grain size becomes fine and turns into gray mudstone siltstone bands and organic matter bands alternately (Fig.11), with obvious cyclicity.
Chunxia submember of Es4U 3475.8 Aluminous mudstone This section of 3467.6?3475.8 m is mainly composed of light gray aluminum-soil mudstone with massive bedding (Fig.11), and some areas have weak laminates
3500 Silty mudstone intercalated with lime mudstone ▲ The upper part contains 2 m pink siltstone, calcareous cement, good continuity, horizontal bedding, rhythmic bedding. Gray laminae are deformed (Fig.11), with gray laminae sandwiched inside. Although the contact surface is clear, it is not smooth, and there is sliding change along the laminae.3490.28 m. The following are dark gray silty mudstones (Fig.11).
Tab.5  Fine description of the core of the Es3L - Es4U, Well NY 1
Fig.11  Comprehensive column of Well NY-1.
Classification Characteristics
Continuous horizontal laminae The laminae are continuously and stably distributed, such as fine silty laminae and unstable micro-shells of organisms, which are generally horizontal, without obvious peaks and troughs (Fig.12(a)).
Near-horizontal laminated layer The laminae are continuously and stably distributed, such as the fine silty laminae which are stable, and the delicate biological shells which are unstable. There are some peaks and troughs, but the overall shape is nearly horizontal (Fig.12(b)).
Gently undulate laminae The laminae are continuously and stably distributed, such as stable fine silty laminae and unstable biofilm shells, showing obvious characteristics of wave peaks and troughs, but the overall laminae have moderate changes, and the peak height/wave distance ratio is less than 1/4 (Fig.12(c)).
Wavy laminae The laminae are continuously and stably distributed, such as stable fine silty laminae and unstable biological fine shells, showing obvious characteristics of wave peaks and troughs. The overall laminae have obvious changes, and the peak height/wave distance ratio is greater than 1/4 (Fig.12(d)).
Interrupted laminae The laminae are discontinuous, but generally traceable (Fig.12(e)).
Lenticular laminae The laminae are discontinuously distributed and dominated by matrix (Fig.12(f)).
Tab.6  Types and characteristics of fine laminae are classified based on spatial morphology (including microlaminae)
Fig.12  Fine lamina types classified based on spatial morphology. (a) Continuous horizontal laminae (Well NY1; 3,460.5 m); (b) near-horizontal laminaeted layers (Well NY1; 3,441.75 m); (c) gently undulate laminae (Well NY1; 3,465 m); (d) wavy laminae (Well NY1; 3,465 m); (e) interrupted laminae (Well FY1; 3,132.68 m); (f) lenticular laminae (Well NY1; 3,317.3 m).
Classification Characteristics
Single lamellar structure The argillaceous matrix is composed of only one stable distribution of characteristic laminae, such as fine silty laminae (Fig.13(a)).
laminated structure It is mainly characterized by one iconic laminae and distributed by one or more other laminae, such as stable fine silty laminae and unstable micro-shells of organisms (Fig.13(b)).
Interlaminar structure It is characterized by the interaction of two iconic laminae (Fig.13(c)).
Multicomponent hybrid lamellar structure Non-cyclic mixing of three or more characteristic laminae (Fig.13(d)).
Circular lamellar structure Two or more iconic lamellar features occur regularly (Fig.13(e)).
Gradation lamellar structure One or more of the iconic lamellar features show obvious change trend from bottom to top (Fig.13(f)).
Tab.7  Structure types and characteristics of fine laminae are classified based on their properties and correlations (including microscopic laminae)
Fig.13  Fine laminae structural types classified based on their properties and correlations. (a) Single lamellar structure (Well FY1; 3125 m); (b) laminated structure (Well NY1; 3441.75 m); (c) inter-laminae structure (Well NY1; 3465 m); (d) multiple component hybrid lamellar structure (Well NY1; 3396.65 m); (e) circular lamellar structure (Well NY1; 3499.95 m); (f) gradation lamellar structure (Well NY1; 3325.5 m).
Fig.14  Genetic pattern diagram of the fine-grain layered.
Fig.15  Continental depression lacustrine fine-grained rock sedimentary model.
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