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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front Envir Sci Eng    0, Vol. Issue () : 120-126    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0460-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia
Ken USHIJIMA1(), Mitsuteru IRIE2, Neni SINTAWARDANI3, Jovita TRIASTUTI3, Umi HAMIDAH3, Tadaharu ISHIKAWA4, Naoyuki FUNAMIZU1
1. Environmental Engineering and Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; 2. Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; 3. Research Centre for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung 40135, Indonesia; 4. Department of Environment and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Abstract

Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper composting toilet that is currently available in the market.
Keywords material flow      value flow      resource recycling system      sustainable design      initial cost      urban slum     
Corresponding Author(s): USHIJIMA Ken,Email:uken@eng.hokudai.ac.jp   
Issue Date: 01 February 2013
 Cite this article:   
Neni SINTAWARDANI,Jovita TRIASTUTI,Umi HAMIDAH, et al. Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 0, (): 120-126.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-012-0460-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/120
Fig.1  Location of studied area: (a) location of Bandung City; (b) Kiaracondong Sub District; (c) observatories and catchment
Fig.1  Location of studied area: (a) location of Bandung City; (b) Kiaracondong Sub District; (c) observatories and catchment
IDsupplied itemmassPNValuedata source
kg·(year·capita)-1(Rp·(year·capita)-1)% against income
Ic1water3200000+ 1100002.8%mass, value: average of 3 households in Ushijima[14]. P, N: regarded as ignoreable
Ic2food1701.36.0+ 140000035.9%mass, value: Gunawan[16], P, N: blackwater+ solid waste
Ic3electricity000+ 1700004.4%value: average of 3 households in Ushijima[14],mass, P, N: meaningless
Oc1blackwater140001.25.9±00%mass: Ic1×0.41[14] + Oc11+ Oc12, P, N: Oc11+ Oc12
Oc11feces330.30.9-130000.3%mass, P, N: Ushijima[14], value: water consumption for defecation (water cost × percentage of water use for defecation)
Oc12urine3700.95.0-320000.8%mass, P, N: Ushijima[14], value: water consumption for urination (water cost × percentage of water use for urination)
Oc2graywater190001.00.0±00%mass: Ic1-Oc1,P, N: total wastewater (maximum in Ushijima [14]) - Oc1
Oc3solid waste670.10.2-280000.7%mass: Ushijima [14],P, N (unit): Aramaki & Thuy [8],value: collection fee (Ushijima [14])
Oc31junk material(no data)00 + +P, N: non-organic is regarded as 0
Oc32solid waste(no data)0.10.2--D3-D31
Oc33junk material(no data)00 + +P, N: non-organic is regarded as 0
Oc34accumulation(no data)0.10.2--D32-D33
Oc4work force000+ 3900000100%mass, P, N: meaningless value: average of 3 households in Ushijima[14]
Rc1river inflow520000.41.3±00%Ushijima[14],N: NH4-N+ NO2-N+ NO3-NP: PO4-P
Rc2river outflow1100001.23.5±00%Ushijima[14],N: NH4-N+ NO2-N+ NO3-NP: PO4-P
Rc3mosque830000±00%Ushijima[14]
Tab.1  Mass, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and value of each arrow in current material flow
Fig.2  Current material flow
Fig.2  Current material flow
Fig.3  Material flow of resource recycling scenario
Fig.3  Material flow of resource recycling scenario
IDsupplied itemmassPNvaluedata source
(kg·(year·capita)-1)Rp·(year·capita)-1 % against income
Ir1water3200000+ 110000 2.8%mass, value: average of 3 households in Ushijima[14].P, N: regarded as ignoreable
Ir2food1701.36.0+ 1400000 35.9%mass, value: Gunawan[16], P, N: blackwater+ solid waste
Ir3electricity000+ 1700004.4%value: average of 3 households in Ushijima[14],mass, P, N: meaningless
Or11feces330.30.9variablemass, P, N: Ushijima[14], value: water consumption for defecation (water cost × percentage of water use for defecation)
Or12urine3700.95.0variablemass, P, N: Ushijima[14], value: water consumption for urination (water cost × percentage of water use for urination)
Or13processed fecesvariable0.3<0.9variableP, N: = Or11
Or14processed urinevariable0.9<5.0variableP,N: = Or12
Or15collected fecesvariable0.3<0.9variableP, N: = Or11
Or16collected urinevariable0.9<0.9variableP, N: = Or12
Or2graywater190001.00.0±0 0%mass: Ic1-Oc1, P, N: total wastewater (maximum in Ushijima [14]) - Oc1
Or3solid waste170.00.0-280000.7%mass: Ushijima[14], P, N: non-organic is regarded as 0, value: collection fee (Ushijima[14])
Or31junk material(no data)00+ + P, N: non-organic is regarded as 0
Or32solid waste(no data)0.00.0--D3-D31
Or33junk material(no data)00+ + P, N: non-organic is regarded as 0
Or34accumulation(no data)0.00.0--D32-D33
Or35organic waste500.10.1+ + mass: Ushijima [14],P, N (unit): Aramaki & Thuy [8]
Or4work force000+ 3900000 100%mass, P, N: meaningless, value: average of 3 households in Ushijima [14]
Rr1river inflow520000.41.3±0 0%Ushijima[14],N: NH4-N+ NO3-NP: PO4-P
Rr2river outflow970000.83.5±0 0%Ushijima[14], N: NH4-N+ NO3-NP: PO4-P, reaching ratio of N, P: 0.36
Rr3mosque830000±0 0%Ushijima[14]
Tab.2  Mass, phosphorus, nitrogen and value of each arrow in material flow of resource recycling sanitation system.
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