Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-<i>n</i>-butyl phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0652-2

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (2) : 259-268 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0652-2

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Tingting MA^1,², Ying TENG^1,², Peter CHRISTIE³, Yongming LUO^1,^2,⁴(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science, Nanjing 210008, China
². Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³. Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
⁴. Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China

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Abstract

We investigated phytotoxicity in seven plant species exposed to a range of concentrations (0– 500 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two representative phthalate esters (PAEs) nominated by USEPA as priority pollutants and known environmental estrogens. We studied seed germination, root elongation, seedling growth, biomass (fresh weight, FW) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), oat (Avena sativa) and onion (Allium cepa L.), together with monitoring of plant pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and carotinoids) in alfalfa, radish and onion shoots. Root elongation, seedling growth and biomass of the test species were generally inhibited by DnBP but not by DEHP, indicating a lower level of phytotoxicity of DEHP than of DnBP. MDA contents of four species were promoted by PAE exposure, but not in alfalfa, ryegrass or onion shoots, indicating lower sensitivity of these three species to PAE pollutants. Plant pigment contents were clearly affected under the stress of both pollutants, implying the potential damage to the photosynthetic system of test plants, mainly by decreasing the content of chlorophyll a and b. Results of DnBP and DEHP phytotoxicity to the primary growth of test plants has provided information for the assessment of their environmental risk in the soil and also forms a basis for the further analysis of their toxic effects over the whole growth period of different plant species.

Keywords phytotoxicity di-n-butyl phthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate malondialdehyde plant pigments (chlorophyll a b and carotinoids)

Corresponding Author(s): Yongming LUO

Online First Date: 21 February 2014 Issue Date: 13 February 2015

Cite this article:

Tingting MA,Ying TENG,Peter CHRISTIE, et al. Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 259-268.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0652-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/259

Tab.1 Seed germination rates of the seven test plant species exposed to DnBP or DEHP ^a)

species	pollutant	root elongation/cm					seedling growth/cm					biomass (g)
species	pollutant	0/CK	5	20	100	500	0/CK	5	20	100	500	0/CK	5	20	100	500
wheat	DnBP	3.33±0.13	3.51±0.14*	3.55±0.10*	3.07±0.08*	2.63±0.08*	1.57±0.11	1.50±0.03	1.41±0.11	1.18±0.06	1.01±0.02	5.60±0.31	5.17±0.30	5.14±0.15*	4.98±0.74*	4.44±0.12*
wheat	DEHP	3.90±0.08	3.51±0.07*	3.56±0.13*	3.16±0.03*	3.19±0.07*	1.52±0.03	1.43±0.03*	1.49±0.07	1.49±0.05	1.46±0.03	5.21±0.04	4.87±0.07*	4.40±0.20*	4.94±0.11*	4.57±0.06*
alfalfa	DnBP	1.97±0.09	1.66±0.04*	1.63±0.16*	1.53±0.06*	1.48±0.08*	1.55±0.08	1.33±0.06*	1.29±0.09*	1.19±0.04*	1.19±0.06*	0.94±0.02	0.84±0.01*	0.85±0.01*	0.85±0.06*	0.79±0.02*
alfalfa	DEHP	2.24±0.09	1.68±0.02*	1.62±0.08*	1.75±0.06*	1.74±0.07*	1.53±0.03	1.42±0.05*	1.47±0.05*	1.41±0.04*	1.38±0.01*	1.04±0.09	0.82±0.04*	0.95±0.01	0.84±0.04	0.89±0.07*
ryegrass	DnBP	1.76±0.04	1.93±0.09*	1.81±0.04	1.56±0.02*	1.65±0.03*	0.97±0.02	1.05±0.02*	1.06±0.06*	1.06±0.01*	0.89±0.03*	0.76±0.01	0.66±0.04*	0.77±0.03	0.64±0.04*	0.64±0.03*
ryegrass	DEHP	1.78±0.01	1.81±0.06	1.62±0.03*	2.05±0.06*	2.13±0.05*	1.01±0.13	1.00±0.04	0.79±0.03*	1.46±0.03*	1.33±0.10*	0.80±0.02	0.76±0.03	0.69±0.03*	0.84±0.03	0.77±0.04
radish	DnBP	3.44±0.33	3.25±0.10	3.39±0.11	3.35±0.16	2.89±0.11*	0.93±0.10	0.91±0.04	0.90±0.03	0.97±0.11	0.89±0.08	2.68±0.16	1.97±0.06*	2.22±0.09*	1.75±0.08*	2.21±0.11*
radish	DEHP	2.58±0.02	3.26±0.03*	2.85±0.02*	2.88±0.03*	3.36±0.09*	1.04±0.11	1.31±0.04*	1.11±0.02	0.98±0.09	1.16±0.04	1.93±0.12	2.25±0.24*	2.35±0.19*	2.22±0.23*	2.19±0.05*
cucumber	DnBP	1.99±0.06	1.68±0.18*	1.30±0.09*	1.91±0.05	1.63±0.09*	0.65±0.03	0.58±0.08	0.71±0.07	0.65±0.07	0.72±0.03	4.34±0.11	3.62±0.11	4.07±0.06	4.47±0.11	3.87±0.11
cucumber	DEHP	1.57±0.13	1.28±0.11*	1.65±0.09	1.81±0.16*	1.84±0.21*	0.9±0.07	0.57±0.06*	0.74±0.03*	0.67±0.05*	0.55±0.05*	3.67±0.12	3.85±0.05*	3.79±0.03	4.05±0.07*	3.82±0.11*
oat	DnBP	2.15±0.08	2.26±0.10	2.16±0.08	1.77±0.11*	1.60±0.09*	1.09±0.05	1.10±0.06	0.97±0.07*	0.93±0.05*	0.87±0.01*	2.65±0.12	2.85±0.05*	2.44±0.06*	2.51±0.05*	2.40±0.05*
oat	DEHP	2.20±0.15	2.30±0.09	2.10±0.06	2.34±0.08	2.29±0.09	1.23±0.05	1.05±0.06*	1.06±0.05*	1.14±0.08	1.28±0.07	3.07±0.08	2.83±0.09*	2.51±0.09*	2.87±0.10*	3.03±0.09
common onion ^b)	DnBP	1.35±0.05	1.17±0.07*	0.87±0.06*	0.86±0.04*	0.77±0.053*	2.55±0.05	2.11±0.07*	1.86±0.11*	1.59±0.03*	1.87±0.11*	1.08±0.09	0.80±0.05*	0.75±0.02*	0.60±0.08*	0.62±0.02*
common onion ^b)	DEHP	0.92±0.08	1.16±0.17*	0.98±0.17	1.16±0.04*	1.37±0.07*	1.64±0.19	1.99±0.13*	1.76±0.11	1.88±0.13*	2.21±0.19*	0.75±0.04	0.75±0.19	0.75±0.06	0.73±0.02	0.84±0.04

Tab.2 Seedling root elongation, growth and biomass (FW) of seven test plant species exposed to different PAE treatments ^a)

plant species	test part	MDA content/(nmol·g⁻¹) under DnBP treatment					MDA content/(nmol·g⁻¹) under DEHP treatment
plant species	test part	0/CK	5	20	100	500	0/CK	5	20	100	500
wheat	shoot	0.58±0.03	0.61±0.02	0.59±0.01	0.64±0.02	0.60±0.02	0.58±0.03	0.56±0.02*	0.41±0.02*	0.47±0.02*	0.53±0.02*
wheat	root	0.65±0.02	0.97±0.03*	0.82±0.02*	0.72±0.02	0.78±0.02*	0.65±0.02	0.91±0.03*	0.87±0.02*	0.72±0.02*	0.71±0.02*
alfalfa	shoot	6.74±0.33	7.53±0.31*	6.94±0.28*	5.99±0.32*	5.94±0.37*	6.74±0.33	7.53±0.22*	6.24±0.31*	4.94±0.38*	4.94±0.33*
alfalfa	root	5.73±0.27	7.91±0.31*	6.72±0.30*	5.58±0.28*	5.11±0.27*	5.73±0.27	7.91±0.23*	5.72±0.21	4.58±0.22*	4.11±0.23*
ryegrass	shoot	4.62±0.31	3.81±0.21*	3.67±0.24*	3.65±0.22*	3.58±0.21*	4.62±0.31	3.88±0.25*	3.87±0.21*	3.95±0.32*	3.91±0.24*
ryegrass	root	5.68±0.37	6.45±0.36*	4.75±0.29*	4.40±0.30*	4.17±0.31*	5.68±0.37	5.98±0.33*	5.73±0.21	5.37±0.31	5.11±0.27*
radish	shoot	0.59±0.01	0.55±0.01*	0.58±0.01	0.69±0.02*	0.85±0.01*	0.59±0.01	0.59±0.02	0.68±0.01*	0.71±0.02*	0.87±0.02*
radish	root	1.12±0.04	1.21±0.03*	1.10±0.03	1.04±0.04	1.23±0.03*	1.12±0.04	1.27±0.03*	1.32±0.12*	1.35±0.03*	1.92±0.03*
cucumber	shoot	3.03±0.26	3.32±0.22	3.28±0.27	3.34±0.19	3.49±0.31*	3.03±0.26	3.21±0.12	3.52±0.22*	3.44±0.15*	3.53±0.21*
cucumber	root	2.56±0.22	2.62±0.21	2.69±0.33	2.72±0.27*	2.71±0.31*	2.56±0.22	2.67±0.11	2.76±0.24*	2.79±0.21*	2.89±0.25*
oat	shoot	0.93±0.02	0.99±0.03*	1.03±0.02*	1.09±0.02*	1.18±0.03*	0.93±0.02	1.09±0.02*	1.15±0.02*	1.12±0.02*	1.21±0.02*
oat	root	1.28±0.05	1.31±0.06	1.33±0.05	1.42±0.03*	1.43±0.04*	1.28±0.05	1.39±0.06*	1.41±0.05*	1.45±0.03*	1.48±0.04*
common onion	shoot	1.22±0.03	1.26±0.02	0.73±0.03*	0.78±0.018	0.94±0.02*	1.22±0.03	1.59±0.01*	0.98±0.02*	0.82±0.03*	0.97±0.02*
common onion	root	1.58±0.02	1.56±0.02	1.21±0.02*	1.37±0.02*	1.59±0.03*	1.58±0.02	1.59±0.01	1.38±0.02*	1.58±0.02	1.64±0.02*

Tab.3 MDA contents of seven test plant species in DnBP or DEHP treatments after germination ^a)

Fig.1 Mean plant pigment (chlorophyll a+b and carotinoid) contents in alfalfa a), radish b) and onion c) exposed to DnBP or DEHP at 0, 5, 20, 100 and 500?mg·kg⁻¹ after germination for 72?h (168?h for onion). Each point is the mean of three replicates. Bars are standard error of the mean (SEM). Columns with asterisks indicate significant difference at p<0.05 compared with CK

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