PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence, removal and risk assessment

doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1109-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (2) : 27 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1109-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence, removal and risk assessment

Xinshu Jiang¹, Yingxi Qu¹, Liquan Liu¹, Yuan He^1,², Wenchao Li¹, Jun Huang¹(

), Hongwei Yang^1,², Gang Yu¹

¹. School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
². Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China

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Abstract

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source.

• Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency.

• Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ.

The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.

Keywords PPCPs DWTP Human health risk assessment

Corresponding Author(s): Jun Huang

Issue Date: 29 March 2019

Cite this article:

Xinshu Jiang,Yingxi Qu,Liquan Liu, et al. PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence, removal and risk assessment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(2): 27.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1109-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2019/V13/I2/27

Tab.1 Summary of concentrations for 24 PPCPs in raw water and effluent

Country or region	NA	KP	CBZ	DEET	MTP	CF	IBU	OFL	SD	SIX	SMX	ATP	Sampling year	Ref.
US			8.8–25.0	0.5–24.0		0–11.6	0–10.2					ND	2009–2010	^{Padhye et al. (2014)}
US			ND–4.7			2.7–36	ND–23.4				ND-8.2	ND	2009	^{Wang et al. (2011)}
Portugal			avg1.90, max14			avg4.02, max46	ND		max9.76		max9.40	ND	2013	^{de Jesus Gaffney et al. (2015)}
Poland		ND			ND		ND–4.3						2013–2014	^{Caban et al. (2015)}
Dutch		ND	ND		ND	avg13.3, max102	ND				avg1.8, max13.2		2011–2012	^{Houtman et al. (2014)}
		avg0.5, max0.5	avg3.1, max32		avg1.3, max1.3	avg21.1, max110	ND				avg2.9, max9.0		2011–2012	^{Houtman et al. (2014)}
		avg0.6, max2.2	avg2.9, max36.4		ND	avg7.7, max34.8	ND				avg1.2, max6.5		2011–2012	^{Houtman et al. (2014)}
			ND		ND								2009	de Jongh et al. (2012)
Spain							ND–94						2012	^{Carmona et al. (2014)}
						ND–6.0	ND				ND	3.4–15.6	2009	^{Boleda et al. (2011)}
			0.02–0.3		0.97–3.23	16.73–44.19	1.63–11.29	ND			1.59–5.29	0.18–3.81	2014	^{Gabarrón et al. (2016)}
Sweden			1.5–1.6			4.8–5.6						ND	2015	^{Tröger et al. (2018)}
Colombia			ND				8–24						2012–2013	^{Aristizabal-Ciro et al. (2017)}
India		4.76–23.4	0.04–27.2	2.76–14.8		15.2-208	16.9–49.4				0.22–4.13	0.64–1.92	2014	^{Sharma et al. (2019)}
Vietnam			0.25–0.49			12–78							2013	^{Kuroda et al. (2015)}
China (main land)			ND						ND		avg0.79,ND		2014	^{Fu et al. (2018)}
			avg0.05, avg0.14								avg0.49		2014	^{Fu et al. (2018)}
									0–1.43	ND	0–22.05		2015	^{Hu et al. (2018)}
									0–0.96	ND	0–11.24		2015	^{Hu et al. (2018)}
			max0.65	max2.3		avg1.0, max3.8					avg1.8, max5.4	max6.4		^{Lin et al. (2016)}
		ND	0.51–38.24				ND				ND–1.81			^{Cai et al. (2015)}
Hong Kong (China)								ND			ND			^{Li et al. (2017)}
Taiwan (China)		ND–2				3–17	ND–10				ND–3	ND–3	2011–2013	^{Yang et al. (2014)}
This study	0.471–0.522	7.318–16.803	0.833–0.968	5.136–5.535	ND–3.151	67.572–69.257	5.207–8.358	ND–2.419	0.349–1.625	ND–0.114	6.863–8.248	ND–1.779

Tab.2 Concentration comparison of PPCPs in drinking water detected in this study

Fig.1 The removal efficiencies of target PPCPs during the overall treatment processes in the DWTP

Fig.2 Variations of PPCPs in individual treatment processes (RW: Raw water; FP: Flocculation and precipitation; PC: Post-chlorination; EW: effluent water; WS: Water supply station)

Tab.3 Correlation of the removal efficiency and log K_ow

Tab.4 Correlation of the removal efficiency and pK_a

Fig.3 The human health life-stage risk of PPCPs detected in the finished water

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