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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (1) : 7    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1299-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of Fe(II) on anammox community activity and physiologic response
Jing Ding1, Wanyi Seow1, Jizhong Zhou1,4,5,6, Raymond Jianxiong Zeng3, Jun Gu2, Yan Zhou1,2()
1. Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore
2. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
3. Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
4. Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
5. Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
6. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract

• 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) enhanced the total anammox activity and bacterial abundance best.

• 0.09 mmol/L Fe(II) led to the best performance on relative anammox activity.

• 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II) had an immediate but recoverable inhibition on anammox activity.

• More genes but not relative level were expressed at higher Fe(II) concentration.

Though there are many literatures studying the effects of iron on anammox process, these studies only focus on the reactor performance and/or the microbial community changes, the detailed effects and mechanisms of Fe(II) on anammox bacterial activity and physiology have not been explored. In this study, four Fe(II) concentrations (0.03, 0.09, 0.12 and 0.75 mmol/L) were employed into the enriched anammox culture. The enhancement and inhibition effects of Fe(II) on anammox process and bacterial physiology were investigated. It was discovered that the anammox process and bacterial growth were enhanced by 0.09 and 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II), in which the 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) had advantage in stimulating the total anammox activity and bacterial abundance, while 0.09 mmol/L Fe(II) enhanced the relative anammox activity better. The anammox activity could be inhibited by 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II) immediately, while the inhibition was recoverable. Both 0.09 and 0.12 mmol/L Fe(II) induced more genes being expressed, while didn’t show a stimulation on the relative expression level of functional genes. And anammox bacteria showed a stress response to detoxify the Fe inhibition once inhibited by 0.75 mmol/L Fe(II). This study provides more information about physiologic response of anammox bacteria to external influence (enhancement and inhibition), and may also instruct the future application of anammox process in treating various sources of wastewater (containing external disturbances such as heavy metals) and/or different treatment strategies (e.g. from side-stream to main-stream).
Keywords Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox)      Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis      Ferrous iron      GeoChip     
Corresponding Author(s): Yan Zhou   
Issue Date: 30 July 2020
 Cite this article:   
Jing Ding,Wanyi Seow,Jizhong Zhou, et al. Effects of Fe(II) on anammox community activity and physiologic response[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 7.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1299-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/7
Set Nitrogen in different set Time 1 Time 2 Rate change (%)
AMX1 NH4+ 9.386±0.255 13.117±1.994 39.80
NO2− 11.243±0.677 15.655±2.317 39.20
AMX2 NH4+ 8.549±0.109 12.265±1.734 43.50
NO2− 11.043±0.808 16.168±1.572 46.40
AMX3 NH4+ 5.933±0.571 14.496±0.272 144.30
NO2− 7.693±0.838 18.608±2.087 141.90
AMX4 NH4+ 9.311±0.475 5.634±0.804 -39.50
NO2− 12.072±1.110 7.945±1.149 -34.20
Tab.1  The changes of anammox activity in the four sets, comparing individual finished rates with the start rates. Unit for the rate is mg/L/h
Set NH4+ NO2−
AMX1 13.117 15.655
AMX2 15.041 19.827
AMX3 13.692 17.575
Tab.2  Relative anammox activity which was normalized by anammox bacterial abundance in AMX1, 2, and 3 at the finish time (day 8)
Fig.1  Anammox activities in AMX1, 2, and 3: (a) ammonium oxidation rates; (b) nitrite reduction rates.
Fig.2  The inhibition effect of high Fe(II) concentration to anammox activity.
Fig.3  qPCR results of anammox bacterial abundance in inoculum and the four experimental sets.
Fig.4  Proportion changes of total genes categories in the four experimental sets.
Functional gene group AMX1a) AMX2a) AMX3a) AMX4a) AMX1b) AMX2b) AMX3b) AMX4b)
Stress 20 22 22 22 28.57 28.95 29.33 25.00
Metal homeostasis 16 18 16 25 22.86 23.68 21.33 28.41
Nitrogen 11 13 12 14 15.71 17.11 16.00 15.91
Carbon cycling 7 7 7 7 10.00 9.21 9.33 7.95
CRISPR 5 6 8 9 7.14 7.89 10.67 10.23
Phylogenetic 3 3 3 3 4.29 3.95 4.00 3.41
Secondary metabolism 2 2 2 2 2.86 2.63 2.67 2.27
Sulfur 2 2 2 2 2.86 2.63 2.67 2.27
Virulence 2 2 2 2 2.86 2.63 2.67 2.27
Organic remediation 2 1 1 2 2.86 1.32 1.33 2.27
Tab.3  Numbers detected and proportions about the functional genes of anammox bacteria in the four experimental sets
Fig.5  Proportion changes about the functional genes in anammox bacteria in the four experimental sets.
Fig.6  Expression level of the functional genes in anammox bacteria in the four experimental sets.
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