Novel perspective for urban water resource management: <i>5R</i> generation

doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1308-z

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (1) : 16 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1308-z

REVIEW ARTICLE

Novel perspective for urban water resource management: 5R generation

Lijie Zhou^1,^2,³, Hongwu Wang^1,², Zhiqiang Zhang^1,², Jian Zhang⁴, Hongbin Chen⁵, Xuejun Bi⁶, Xiaohu Dai^1,², Siqing Xia^1,²(

), Lisa Alvarez-Cohen⁷, Bruce E. Rittmann⁸

¹. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
². Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
³. College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
⁴. EnviroSystems Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
⁵. National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, Shanghai 200092, China
⁶. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
⁷. Department of Civil and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1500, USA
⁸. Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA

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Abstract

• 5R (Recover, Reduce, Recycle, Resource and Reuse) approaches to manage urban water.

• 5R harvests storm water, gray water and black water in several forms.

• 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity in practice.

Demand for water is expanding with increases in population, particularly in urban areas in developing countries. Additionally, urban water system needs a novel perspective for upgradation with urbanization. This perspective presents a novel 5R approach for managing urban water resources: Recover (storm water), Reduce (toilet flushing water), Recycle (gray water), Resource (black water), and Reuse (advanced-treated wastewater). The 5R generation incorporates the latest ideas for harvesting storm water, gray water, and black water in its several forms. This paper has briefly demonstrated each R of 5R generation for water treatment and reuse. China has the chance to upgrade its urban water systems according to 5R principles. Already, a demonstration project of 5R generation has been installed in Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition, and Dalian International Convention Center (China) has applied 5R, achieving over 70% water saving. The 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity from “hoped for in the future” to “realistic today”.

Keywords 5R generation Recover Reduce Recycle Resource Reuse

Corresponding Author(s): Siqing Xia

Issue Date: 11 August 2020

Cite this article:

Lijie Zhou,Hongwu Wang,Zhiqiang Zhang, et al. Novel perspective for urban water resource management: 5R generation[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 16.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1308-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/16

Fig.1 Distribution of water availability (bottle size representing annual water stock m³/person).

Fig.2 (a) The present (red line) and ideal (blue line) management of urban water; (b) the framework of 5R generation (black water is treated with multiple anaerobic digestion, such as UASB, in situ digestion).

Fig.3 (a) Jiading campuses of Tongji University (Shanghai, China) for storm water storage and (b) mobile treatment and storage for storm water.

Tab.1 Sources and characteristics of gray water and black water (^{De Gisi et al., 2016}; ^{Gao et al., 2019a}; ^{Prado et al., 2020}; ^{Welling et al., 2020})

Tab.2 Conventional/advanced technologies for gray water recycle (^{Boano et al., 2020})

Fig.4 (a) (1) A vacuum toilet which is being promoted for public restrooms in Nanning city (Guangxi Province, China), Haikou city (Hainan Province, China) and Beijing (China) (which has been widely applied in China high-speed railway train); (2) Toilet with urine (yellow water, which could be gray water after treatment, such as RO) and excrement (black water) separation from EnviroSystems Company; (b) Grey water treatment in Tongji University (Shanghai, China): (1) membrane bioreactor; (2) membrane module; (3) UF system; (4) Ion exchange system; (5) effluent; and (6) Membrane bioreactor performance; (c) a demonstration for Recycle and Resource in Zao Jia Cheng (Tianjin, China).

Fig.5 (a) automatic grid-disinfection; (b) automatic water pressure balance control system; (c) Reclaimed water station in Meicun municipal wastewater treatment plant (Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China).

Fig.6 (a) Vacuum toilet and the central vacuum station in the community center of Hedian (Shandong Province, China); Demonstration project of 5R generation in Qingdao (China): (b) Community and hotel; (c) Recovery and Reuse system in Licun (Qingdao, China).

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