Catalytic reduction of water pollutants: knowledge gaps, lessons learned, and new opportunities

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1626-z

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (2) : 26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1626-z

REVIEW ARTICLE

Catalytic reduction of water pollutants: knowledge gaps, lessons learned, and new opportunities

Jinyong Liu(

), Jinyu Gao(

)

Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

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Abstract

● Advances, challenges, and opportunities for catalytic water pollutant reduction.

● Cases of Pd-based catalysts for nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate reduction.

● New functionalities developed by screening and design of catalytic metal sites.

● Facile catalyst preparation approaches for convenient catalyst optimization.

● Rational design and non-decorative effort are essential for future work.

In this paper, we discuss the previous advances, current challenges, and future opportunities for the research of catalytic reduction of water pollutants. We present five case studies on the development of palladium-based catalysts for nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate reduction with hydrogen gas under ambient conditions. We emphasize the realization of new functionalities through the screening and design of catalytic metal sites, including (i) platinum group metal (PGM) nanoparticles, (ii) the secondary metals for improving the reaction rate and product selectivity of nitrate reduction, (iii) oxygen-atom-transfer metal oxides for chlorate and perchlorate reduction, and (iv) ligand-enhanced coordination complexes for substantial activity enhancement. We also highlight the facile catalyst preparation approach that brought significant convenience to catalyst optimization. Based on our own studies, we then discuss directions of the catalyst research effort that are not immediately necessary or desirable, including (1) systematic study on the downstream aspects of under-developed catalysts, (2) random integration with hot concepts without a clear rationale, and (3) excessive and decorative experiments. We further address some general concerns regarding using H₂ and PGMs in the catalytic system. Finally, we recommend future catalyst development in both “fundamental” and “applied” aspects. The purpose of this perspective is to remove major misconceptions about reductive catalysis research and bring back significant innovations for both scientific advancements and engineering applications to benefit environmental protection.

Keywords Molybdenum Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Catalyst Support Bromate

Corresponding Author(s): Jinyong Liu

Issue Date: 03 November 2022

Cite this article:

Jinyong Liu,Jinyu Gao. Catalytic reduction of water pollutants: knowledge gaps, lessons learned, and new opportunities[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(2): 26.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1626-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I2/26

Fig.1 Representative pollutants reported to be degraded by reductive catalysis.

Fig.2 Major catalysts for nitrate reduction.

Fig.3 Major catalysts for bromate, chlorate, and perchlorate reduction.

Fig.4 Catalytic systems for perchlorate reduction and the proposed or determined structures of organic ligand-coordinated Re^V and Mo^IV metal sites on the carbon surface.

Fig.5 Examples of robustness tests of the [(NH₂)₂bpy]MoO_x−Pd/C catalyst: continuous treatment of highly concentrated ClO₄⁻; long-term exposure to H₂; and Pd/C reuse after the deactivation of Mo species. The data have been reported by Ren et al. (2022) and shown here with modified displays.

Fig.6 Facile preparation of Pd/C catalysts and the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imagings of 5 wt% Pd/C and 0.5 wt% Pd/C. The two images are reproduced from Gao et al. (2021) with permission. Note that some large Pd particles are present with the expected small ones. This is a common phenomenon (but often not shown in literature for a “good size control”) and similar to the commercial Pd/C catalyst (Fig. 7).

Fig.7 Facile preparation of the [(NH₂)₂bpy]MoO_x−Pd/C catalyst and STEM−energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping of a ~10 μm sized catalyst particle. Note that the Pd particles shown here in a commercial 5 wt% Pd/C have a wide size distribution. But this Pd/C showed very similar catalytic performance as the 5 wt% Pd/C prepared by the all-in-situ method in Fig. 6.

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