Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1710-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (9) : 110 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1710-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China

Yin Liu¹, Matthias C. Rillig², Quan Liu¹, Jingjing Huang¹, Muhammad Amjad Khan¹, Xiaohui Li³, Qin Liu⁴, Qingqing Wang¹, Xuesong Su¹, Linyi Lin¹, Yang Bai^1,⁵, Genmao Guo¹, Yi Huang⁶, Yong Sik Ok⁷, Shan Hu¹, Junfeng Wang¹, Honggang Ni⁸, Qing Huang¹(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province/ Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province/ State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea/ College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
². Institute of Biology, Ecology of Plants, Freie Universität Berlin/ Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin 14195, Germany
³. Hainan Inspection and Detection Center for Modern Agriculture, Haikou 570100, China
⁴. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
⁵. China College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
⁶. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
⁷. Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
⁸. School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China

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Abstract

● Microplastic (MP) abundance in soil of China was highly heterogeneous.

● MP abundance was higher near large rivers and central land affected by monsoons.

● MP abundance was correlated with longitude, mulching film, and average temperature.

● Factors suitable for predicting MP pollution using models were discussed.

Microplastics (MPs) are found worldwide in high abundance, posing a potential threat to ecosystems. Despite the ubiquity of MPs in the environment, very little is known about the regional distribution of MPs and underlying factors affecting this distribution in the field, which likely include human activity, but also features of the environment itself. Here, out of a total of 1157 datapoints investigated in 53 Chinese studies, 9.68% datapoints were removed as outliers in the heterogeneity analysis. This review revealed that the abundance of MPs was highly heterogeneous. In addition, microplastic (MP) distribution maps based on China demonstrated that the highest abundance of MPs tended to occur near large rivers and central land affected by the intersection of two monsoons. The model-fitting and previous studies showed that MP abundance in China was correlated with longitude, agricultural mulching film usage per capita, temperature, and precipitation. However, due to the heterogeneity of MPs and the low matching degree between the current environmental data and the sampling points, this pattern was not as evident as reported in any single study. Factors affecting the distribution of MPs can not be captured by linear relationships alone, and systematic selection of suitable environmental factors and further model optimization are needed to explore the cause of MP pollution in soil. Overall, this review revealed an uneven distribution of MPs and serves as a reference for model prediction to assess and control plastic pollution in natural soil environments.

Keywords Microplastic distribution Microplastic heterogeneity Effecting factors Agriculture Socio-economic factors

Corresponding Author(s): Qing Huang

Issue Date: 17 April 2023

Cite this article:

Yin Liu,Matthias C. Rillig,Quan Liu, et al. Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(9): 110.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1710-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I9/110

Fig.1 Input sources, migration and fragmentation of MPs, which directly or indirectly affect the abundance of MPs in soil.

Fig.2 Representation of literature search, data processing and multivariate statistics for the systematic review and data analysis.

Fig.3 MP abundance in Chinese field. (a) Classification of data points before heterogeneity analysis. (b) Average MP abundance in 0–40 cm soil layer for each province calculated by reclassification for each study, the black figures represent the lowest and highest MP abundance of the province, the blue numbers represent the number of studies.

Tab.1 Average MP abundance in each Chinese region

Fig.4 Relationship between location and MP abundance in China. (a) and (b) show the model fit between longitude and datapoints in the 0–10 cm and 0–40 cm soil layer. (c) and (d) show the model fit between latitude and datapoints in the 0–10 cm and 0–40 cm soil layer. Also shown are the coefficient of determination (R²) and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Fig.5 Relationship between economics and MP abundance in China. (a) and (b) show the PCA analysis of MP abundance affected by socio-economic factors in the 0–10 cm and 0–40 cm soil layer. (c)–(f) show the model fits after numerical normalization of factors and MP abundance.

Fig.6 Relationship between agricultural activities and the MP abundance in China. (a) and (b) show the PCA analysis of MP abundance affected by agricultural factors in the 0–10 cm and 0–40 cm soil layer. (c)–(h) show the model fits after numerical normalization of factors and MP abundance.

Fig.7 Relationship between climate and the MP abundance in China. (a) and (b) show the PCA analysis of MP abundance affected by climate factors in the 0–10 cm and 0–40 cm soil layer. (c)–(f) show the model fits after numerical normalization of factors and MP abundance, the red numbers are the actual value of the predictor variables at the maximum.

Fig.8 System of environmental factors that directly and indirectly affect MP abundance in soil.

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