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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 18 Issue (1) : 6    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1766-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Characterization and prediction of tailpipe ammonia emissions from in-use China 5/6 light-duty gasoline vehicles
Lewei Zeng1, Fengbin Wang2,3, Shupei Xiao1, Xuan Zheng1(), Xintong Li4, Qiyuan Xie4, Xiaoyang Yu4, Cheng Huang5, Qingyao Hu5, Yan You6, Ye Wu7
1. College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
3. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
4. CATARC Automotive Test Center (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 511300, China
5. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
6. National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
7. School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract

● Rich combustion strategy in cold-start period caused more NH3 emission.

● NH3 emitting events were tightly related to start and stop conditions.

● NH3 emissions were regulated by the catalytic temperature in TWC.

● NH3 EFs strongly correlated with combustion efficiency, engine and vehicle speeds.

● Three prediction methods were established to reproduce real-world NH3 emissions.

On-road tailpipe ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to urban secondary organic aerosol formation and have direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To understand the tailpipe NH3 emission characteristics, we performed comprehensive chassis dynamometer measurements of NH3 emission from two China 5 and two China 6 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) equipped with three-way catalytic converters (TWCs). The results showed that the distance-based emission factors (EFs) were 12.72 ± 2.68 and 3.18 ± 1.37 mg/km for China 5 and China 6 LDGVs, respectively. Upgrades in emission standards were associated with a reduction in tailpipe NH3 emission. In addition, high NH3 EFs were observed during the engine warm-up period in cold-start cases owing to the intensive emissions of incomplete combustion products and suitable catalytic temperature in the TWCs. Notably, based on the instantaneous NH3 emission rate, distinct NH3–emitting events were detected under high/extra high velocity or rapid acceleration. Furthermore, NH3 emission rates correlated well with engine speed, vehicle specific power, and modified combustion efficiency, which were more easily accessible. These strong correlations were applied to reproduce NH3 emissions from China 5/6 LDGVs. The predicted NH3 EFs under different dynamometer and real-world cycles agreed well with existing measurement and prediction results, revealing that the NH3 EFs of LDGVs in urban routes were within 8.55–11.62 mg/km. The results presented here substantially contribute to improving the NH3 emission inventory for LDGVs and predicting on-road NH3 emissions in China.
Keywords NH3 instantaneous emissions      Catalytic temperature      Vehicle specific power      Combustion efficiency      Emission prediction     
Corresponding Author(s): Xuan Zheng   
About author:

* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Issue Date: 31 August 2023
 Cite this article:   
Lewei Zeng,Fengbin Wang,Shupei Xiao, et al. Characterization and prediction of tailpipe ammonia emissions from in-use China 5/6 light-duty gasoline vehicles[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(1): 6.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1766-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I1/6
Study Standard Measurement method Distance-based EF (mg/km) Fuel-based EF (g/kg fuel)
This study G1 China 5 Dynamometer (WLTC) 16.04 ± 1.72 0.31 ± 0.04
G2 China 5 9.40 ± 1.49 0.21 ± 0.03
G3 China 6 2.22 ± 0.48 0.04 ± 0.01
G4 China 6 4.77 ± 2.98 0.10 ± 0.06
Wang et al. (2019b) China 6 Dynamometer (WLTC) 0.65 ± 0.38 to 8.01 ± 3.12
Huang et al. (2018) Euro 2–5 Dynamometer (WLTC) 29.2 ± 24.1 (Euro 5: 29.5 ± 20.9) 0.49 ± 0.41
Suarez-Bertoa et al. (2015) Euro 5 Dynamometer (WLTC) 10.3 ± 0.5 to 12 ± 2
Suarez-Bertoa and Astorga (2016) Euro 5/6 Dynamometer (WLTC) 10.0–40.5 (Euro 5: 10.0; Euro 6: 34.1–40.5)
Farren et al. (2020, 2021) Euro 5–6 Remote sensing 29.2–42.6 0.49 to 0.64
Tab.1  Distance-based and fuel-based NH3 EFs and NH3 to CO2 ratios for LDGVs in this study and previous measurements
Fig.1  Distance-based and fuel-based NH3 EFs for LDGVs under cold-start, hot-start conditions and within different speed ranges. Error bars represent 95% CIs.
Fig.2  Instantaneous NH3 emission rates of China 5 LDGVs under (a) cold- and (b) hot-start WLTCs, and China 6 LDGVs under (c) cold- and (d) hot-start WLTCs. Dashed lines divide four running phases in WLTCs with different velocity ranges. Colored arrows mark the synchronous increases in NH3 emission rate and vehicle speed. Shaded areas indicate 95% confidence bands of fitting curves.
Fig.3  Correlation between average NH3 emission rates and engine RPM for the tested LDGVs. Sampling points for RPM above 2900 accounted for < 4% of the total, therefore, the points were merged as 2900 r/min.
Fig.4  NH3 emission rates against vehicle acceleration within different velocity ranges for (a) China 6 (G1–2) and (b) China 5 (G3–4) LDGVs, and against (c) average VSP. Shaded areas indicate 95% confidence bands for fitting curves (solid lines).
Fig.5  Relationship between distance-based NH3 EFs, CO EFs (a) and MCE values (b).
Fig.6  Predicted NH3 EFs (bars) for different driving patterns and compared with previous dynamometer and on-road measurements (markers). The entire on-road measurements contained data from the highway, rural and rural segments.
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