From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1782-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (2) : 22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1782-9

REVIEW ARTICLE

From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms

Zhiyu Shao^1,²(

), Yuexin Li^1,², Huafeng Gong³, Hongxiang Chai^1,²

¹. College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
². Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
³. T. Y. Lin International Engineering Consulting (China) Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400045, China

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Abstract

● Designing of flood passages toward inundation risk reduction was summarized.

● Resilience assessment and enhancement methods for flood passages were highlighted.

● Lifeline and emergency planning is vital for fulfilling flood-resilient passages.

● Special attention should be given to vulnerable groups during the design process.

Urban roads can be designated as surface flood passages to transport excess runoff during extreme storms, thereby preventing local flooding, which is known as the major drainage system. However, this practice poses significant risks, including human loss and property damage, due to the high flow rate and velocity carried by roads. Moreover, urban roads with low flood-resilience may significantly hamper the transportation function during severe storms, leading to dysfunction of the city. Therefore, there is an urgent need to transform risk-oriented flood passages into resilient urban road-based flood passages. This paper presents a systematic review of existing methodologies in designing a road network-based flood passage system, along with the discussion of new technologies to enhance system resilience. The study also addresses current knowledge gaps and future directions. The results indicate that flood management measures based on the urban road network should integrate accessibility assessment, lifeline and emergency planning to ensure human well-being outcomes. Furthermore, the special needs and features of vulnerable groups must be taken into serious consideration during the planning stage. In addition, a data-driven approach is recommended to facilitate real-time management and evaluate future works.

Keywords Major drainage Flood mitigation Resilient city Stormwater model Urban flooding

Corresponding Author(s): Zhiyu Shao

About author:

Peng Lei and Charity Ngina Mwangi contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 26 October 2023

Cite this article:

Zhiyu Shao,Yuexin Li,Huafeng Gong, et al. From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(2): 22.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1782-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I2/22

Fig.1 Publication on flood risk and resilience of roads in recent ten years. (a) Relationship between publication and year; (b) distribution of hotpots related to the publications in recent ten years.

Fig.2 Flow chart of this review.

Fig.3 Relative damage functions and experimental data for children (green line and symbols) and adults (black line and symbols) (Lazzarin et al., 2022).

Fig.4 Relative damage functions (solid lines) and experimental data (symbols) for vehicle sub-categories (Lazzarin et al., 2022).

Tab.1 Selected numerical models applied in road inundation forecast

Fig.5 Category of data-driven based machine learning models.

Nation	Guideline/Recommendation	Year	Maximum water depth	Maximum flow velocity	The relationship of water depth (y; m) and flow velocity (v; m/s)
Australia	Australia Runoff and Runoff, A guide of flood estimation. Vol. 1&2	1987	–	–	v × y ≤ 0.40
	Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMC). Floodplain Management in Australia	2000	1.20–1.50	1.5	–
	Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (DIPNR). NSW Floodplain Development Manual. South Wales Government, Sydney, Australia.	2005	–	–	v ≤ 3.3y + 2.7 Limits: v ≤ 2; y ≤ 0.8
	Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources. New South Wales Government	2005	2.0	2.0	–
	Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Project 10. Report for the Appropriate Safety Criteria for People	2010	1.2 (adults) 0.5 (children)	3.2	v × y ≤ 0.40 (children) v × y ≤ 0.60 (adults)
USA	Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual. Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. Denver, Colorado (USA)	1969	0.45	–	–
	Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The floodway: a guide for community permit officials	1979	0.91	0.61	v × y ≤ 0.56
	Clark County Regional Flood Control District (CCRFCD). Hydrological criteria and drainage design manual. Clark County	1999	0.30	–	v × y ≤ 0.55
United Kingdom	CIRIA. Designing for exceedance in urban drainage-good practice	2006	0.3 m	–	v × y ≤ 0.5m2/s v²× y ≤ 1.23m3/s2
	Flood risks to people: Phase 1 R&D Technical Report FD 2317 Flood risks to people: Phase 2 R&D Technical Report FD 2321 Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Environment Agency, London	2006	–	–	HR = y × (v + 0.5) + DFHR is the hazard rate, DF is the land pattern factor
Spain	Clavegueram de Barcelona S.A. CLABSA	2006	0.06	1.5	–
Switzerland	Risques Hydro-me′te′orologiques, crues et inondations/risque′, ale′a et vulne′rabilite′/ DDS-TUE364/9	2004	0.00–1.00	0.25–1.00	–
Italy	Regione Liguria. Autorita′ di Bacino Regionale. Ambito di Bacino No. 7	1993	0.30–0.70	1.00–2.00	–
Finland	EU-Project RESCDAM. Helsinki PR Water Consulting	2000	–	–	0.25 ≤ (v × y) ≤ 0.7

Tab.2 Safety criteria for pedestrians from guidelines and recommendations

Fig.6 Experimental data sets for stability of pedestrians from representative studies.

Tab.3 Safety criteria for vehicles from guidelines and recommendations (adapted from Shand et al. (2011))

Ref.	Flood origin	Research scale	Urban form characteristic	Key findings
L?we et al. (2017)	Local Rain	Macro-scale	Development type (i.e., dispersed,compact）	A more compact urban form proved to be efficient and cost-effective for the reduction of flood risk
Mustafa et al. (2018)	Local Rain	Macro-scale	Development type (i.e., expansion, densification）	Strict development control in flood-prone zones leads to a substantial mitigation of the increased flood damage.
Bruwier et al. (2018)	River overflow	Meso & Micro scale	Average street length Street orientation Street curvature Major street width Minor street width Mean parcel area Building rear setback Building side setback Building coverage	For urban design at the district and building-block scales: The more fragmented the urban pattern is (relatively small parcel sizes and street length), the lower the upstream water depths. For urban design at the local level of a single parcel: Increasing the voids in-between the buildings (i.e., larger side setbacks) contributed to a decrease in the upstream water depth
Bruwier et al. (2020)	Local rain	Meso & Micro scale	Average street lengthStreet orientationStreet curvatureMajor street widthMinor street widthMean parcel areaBuilding rear setbackBuilding side setbackBuilding coverage	The influence of the urban form is magnified in the case of more extreme rainfall events. The negative influence of building coverage on flow variables (i.e., storage volume, outflow discharge, mean water depth) is dominating compared to other urban parameters
Li et al. (2021a)	River overflow	Meso-scale	Number of minor streets Conveyance porosities	The conveyance porosity in the main flow direction is by far more influential on flooding severity mitigation than the conveyance porosity in the normal direction or the number of streets.
Lin et al. (2021)	Local rain	Micro scale	Three-dimensional building configuration	The density of buildings, building congestion degree, and building coverage ratio have exerted considerable influence on the occurrence of pluvial flooding

Tab.4 Representative studies related to impacts of urban form on flood mitigation

Fig.7 Lifeline and evacuation route planning diagram.

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