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Appraisal of pollution and health risks associated with coal mine contaminated soil using multimodal statistical and Fuzzy-TOPSIS approaches |
Sumit Kumar1,5, Sonali Banerjee1, Saibal Ghosh1, Santanu Majumder2, Jajati Mandal3, Pankaj Kumar Roy4, Pradip Bhattacharyya1( ) |
1. Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih-815301, India
2. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University (Talbot Campus), Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
3. School of Sciences, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4QJ, UK
4. School of Water Resource Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
5. School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India |
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Abstract ● Farmlands impacted by coal mines, contained heavy metals like Pb and Cr. ● HMs in contaminated soils and rice grains were above the permissible limits. ● Source classification and apportionment were analyzed by SOM and PMF models. ● Fuzzy-TOPSIS showed Ni to be mostly responsible for the toxicity in the rice grain. ● Health risk analysis predicted high carcinogenic risk. The present study assesses the concentration, probabilistic risk, source classification, and dietary risk arising from heavy metal (HMs) pollution in agricultural soils affected by coal mining in eastern part of India. Analyses of soil and rice plant indicated significantly elevated levels of HMs beyond the permissible limit in the contaminated zones (zone 1: PbSoil: 108.24 ± 72.97, CuSoil: 57.26 ± 23.91, CdSoil: 8.44 ± 2.76, CrSoil: 180.05 ± 46.90, NiSoil: 70.79 ± 25.06 mg/kg; PbGrain: 0.96 ± 0.8, CuGrain: 8.6 ± 5.1, CdGrain: 0.65 ± 0.42, CrGrain: 4.78 ± 1.89, NiGrain: 11.74 ± 4.38 mg/kg. zone 2: PbSoil: 139.56 ± 69.46, CuSoil: 69.89 ± 19.86, CdSoil: 8.95 ± 2.57, CrSoil: 245.46 ± 70.66, NiSoil: 95.46 ± 22.89 mg/kg; PbGrain: 1.27 ± 0.84, CuGrain: 7.9 ± 4.57, CdGrain: 0.76 ± 0.43, CrGrain: 8.6 ± 1.58, NiGrain: 11.50 ± 2.46 mg/kg) compared to the uncontaminated zone (zone 3). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were computed based on the HMs concentration in the soil and rice grain, with Pb, Cr, and Ni identified as posing a high risk to human health. Monte Carlo simulation, the solubility-free ion activity model (FIAM), and severity adjusted margin of exposure (SAMOE) were employed to predict health risk. FIAM hazard quotient (HQ) values for Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb were > 1, indicating a significant non-carcinogenic risk. SAMOE (risk thermometer) results for contaminated zones ranged from low to moderate risk (CrSAMOE: 0.05, and NiSAMOE: 0.03). Fuzzy-TOPSIS and variable importance plots (from random forest) showed that Ni and Cr were mostly responsible for the toxicity in the rice plant, respectively. A self-organizing map for source classification revealed common origin for the studied HMs with zone 2 exhibiting the highest contamination. The positive matrix factorization model for the source apportionment identified coal mining and transportation as the predominant sources of HMs. Spatial distribution analysis indicated higher contamination near mining sites as compared to distant sampling sites. Consequently, this study will aid environmental scientists and policymakers controlling HM pollution in agricultural soils near coal mines.
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| Keywords
Coal mine
Free ion activity model
Monto Carlo Simulation
Pollution and Health risk
Fuzzy-TOPSIS
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Corresponding Author(s):
Pradip Bhattacharyya
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Issue Date: 22 February 2024
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