Solid Brønsted acidity boosts adsorption reactivity of nano-adsorbent for water decontamination

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1841-2

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (7) : 81 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1841-2

Solid Brønsted acidity boosts adsorption reactivity of nano-adsorbent for water decontamination

Sikai Cheng¹, Zhixian Li¹, Kaisheng Zhang², Qingrui Zhang^3,⁴, Xiaolin Zhang^1,⁵(

), Bingcai Pan^1,⁵

¹. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
². Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
³. State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
⁴. Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-remediation in Water and Resource Reused, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
⁵. Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

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Abstract

● Nanoconfinement growth produces metastable ZrP with dual Lewis and Brønsted acidity.

● Lewis acid sites’ adsorption affinity rises with reduced outer electron density.

● Brønsted acidity suppresses competitive OH⁻ adsorption onto Lewis acidic sites.

● Brønsted acidity enhances silicate resistance, enabling refreshment of the used ZrP.

Despite the development of various Lewis acidic nano-adsorbents for fluoride removal through inner-sphere coordination, strong competition for hydroxyl ions still hinders efficient water defluoridation. In addition, the critical issue of polysilicate scaling that results from the ubiquitous silicates must be addressed. To tackle these issues, an alternative approach to enhancing adsorption reactivity by modifying nano-adsorbents with dual Lewis and Brønsted acidity is proposed. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by growing zirconium phosphate (ZrP) inside a gel-type anion exchanger, N201, to produce nanocomposite ZrP@N201, in which the confined ZrP contained an otherwise metastable amorphous phase with Lewis acidic Zr⁴⁺ sites and Brønsted acidic monohydrogen phosphate groups (–O₃POH). Compared with the Lewis acidic nano-zirconium oxide analog (HZO@N201), ZrP@N201 exhibited a greatly improved adsorption capacity (117.9 vs. 52.3 mg/g-Zr) and mass transfer rate (3.56 × 10⁻⁶ vs. 4.55 × 10⁻⁷ cm/s), while bulk ZrP produced a thermodynamically stable α-phase with Brønsted acidity that exhibited negligible adsorption capability toward fluoride. The enhanced defluoridation activity of ZrP@N201 is attributed to Brønsted acidity and the increased outer electron density of Zr⁴⁺ sites, as corroborated using XPS and solid-state NMR analysis. Moreover, Brønsted acidity strengthens the resistance of ZrP@N201 to silicate, allowing its full regeneration during cyclic defluoridation. Column tests demonstrated 3–10 times the amount of clean water from (waste) for ZrP@N201 as compared to both HZO@N201 and the widely used activated aluminum oxide. This study highlights the potential of developing nano-adsorbents with dual acidities for various environmental remediation applications.

Keywords Nanocomposite Selective adsorption Fluoride removal Dual Lewis and Brønsted acidity Regeneration

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaolin Zhang

About author:

Issue Date: 27 March 2024

Cite this article:

Sikai Cheng,Zhixian Li,Kaisheng Zhang, et al. Solid Brønsted acidity boosts adsorption reactivity of nano-adsorbent for water decontamination[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 81.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1841-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/81

Fig.1 (a) Optical photograph of N201 and ZrP@N201, (b) TEM image of ZrP@N201, (c) HADDF-STEM and corresponding EDS elemental mapping of Zr and P of ZrP@N201, (d) pore size distribution of ZrP@N201 based on the NL-DFT model, (e) XRD patterns of ZrP@N201 and bare ZrP, and (f) FTIR spectra of HZO@N201, ZrP@N201 and bare ZrP.

Fig.2 (a) Solid-state MAS ³¹P NMR spectra of bare ZrP, ZrP@N201 and fluoride-loaded ZrP@N201, (b) pyridine-FTIR spectra of bare ZrP, HZO@N201 and ZrP@N201, the B* peak at 1540 cm⁻¹ and L* peak at 1460 cm⁻¹ were used to estimate the Brønsted/Lewis site ratio, (c) potentiometric titration of ZrP@N201 fitting with Double Layer Model, (d) ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid sites estimated by using various methods.

Fig.3 Batch adsorption of HZO@N201 and ZrP@N201 toward fluoride. (a) Adsorption kinetics fitted with the mass transfer model, (b) adsorption isotherms, (c) pH effect on adsorption capacity of fluoride, and (d) effects of chloride on adsorption capacity of fluoride.

Fig.4 Effect of silicate on (a) the adsorption of fluoride and (b) silicate by HZO@N201 and ZrP@N201, (c) cyclic adsorption-regeneration runs of ZrP@N201 and HZO@N201 in the presence of 10 mg/L silicate, and in situ ATR-FTIR absorbance increment at time intervals during defluoridation from silicate-rich solutions (10 mg/L) using (d) ZrP@N201 and (e) HZO@N201.

Fig.5 Zr 3d XPS spectra of (a) ZrP@N201 and (b) HZO@N201 before and after fluoride uptake, (c) F 1s XPS spectra of NaF, ZrP@N201 and HZO@N201 after fluoride uptake, (d) Solid-state MAS ¹⁹F NMR spectra of HZO@N201 and ZrP@N201 after fluoride uptake, and (e) Schematic illustration of the adsorption of ZrP@N201 toward fluoride.

Fig.6 Column adsorption of ZrP@N201, HZO@N201 and AAO on the simulated groundwater at (a) pH = 7, (b) pH = 5, and (c) real industrial wastewater.

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