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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (2) : 250-258    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0643-3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Pb in hyperaccumulator Arenaria orbiculata and response of root exudates to Pb addition
Yanqun ZU,Yuan LI(),Huan MIN,Fangdong ZHAN,Li QIN,Jixiu WANG
College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Abstract

Solution culture was conducted in order to understand accumulation characteristics and chemical forms of Pb in Arenaria orbiculata (A. orbiculata) and the response of root exudates to Pb addition. The results showed that: 1) Pb contents in the shoot and root of A. orbiculata increased with increasing in Pb concentrations in solution. 2) The contents of Pb chemical forms under Pb addition followed as: HAc extractable fraction (FHAC)>HCl extractable fraction (FHCl)>NaCl extractable fraction (FNaCl)>ethanol-extractable fraction (FE)>water extractable fraction (FW). 3) Increased Pb level in the medium caused increases in Pb contents in the four subcellular fractions of shoots and roots, with most accumulation in FIV (Fraction IV, soluble fraction) in shoots and FI (Fraction I, cell wall fraction) in roots. 4) Contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid of root exudates increased with increasing Pb concentration in solution. Significantly positive correlations between Pb and contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid were observed. 5) With Pb concentrations in solution, low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) contents followed the tendency: tartaric acid>acetic acid>malic acid>citric acid. Significantly positive correlation was observed between Pb and citric acid contents. The results indicate that soluble sugars, free amino acid and citric acid in root exudates of A.orbiculata facilitate the absorption and accumulation of Pb, which exist in NaCl-, HCl- and HAc- extractable Pb forms, FI and FIV fractions, resulting in tolerance of A.orbiculata to Pb.
Keywords Pb      Arenaria orbiculata      chemical forms      subcellular distribution      root exudates      hydroponic culture     
Corresponding Author(s): Yuan LI   
Online First Date: 27 January 2014    Issue Date: 13 February 2015
 Cite this article:   
Yanqun ZU,Yuan LI,Huan MIN, et al. Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Pb in hyperaccumulator Arenaria orbiculata and response of root exudates to Pb addition[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 250-258.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0643-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/250
Pb in solution concentration /(mg·L-1) part total Pb FE-Pb FW-Pb FNaCl-Pb FHAc-Pb FHCl-Pb FR-Pb
50 shoots 797c±24.12 64c±11.13 45c±1.34 100c±8.29 206c±21.99 146c±34.43 236c±24.24
100 1340b±25.87 79b±3.26 51b±1.40 200b±9.80 394b±5.94 285b±34.11 331b±23.72
200 2399a±37.47 101a±7.84 78a±6.22 321a±23.40 680a±36.85 460a±44.07 759a±61.59
50 roots 619c±51.34 51c±1.95 22c±1.59 81c±17.40 190c±45.08 136c±14.35 139c±10.33
100 1063b±48.85 84b±4.71 29b±2.13 150b±35.53 323b±16.75 239b±49.42 238b±22.59
200 2552a±48.27 110a±11.36 71a±3.63 401a±4.06 713a±19.50 570a±65.67 687a±40.16
Tab.1  Pb contents of total and different chemical forms in A.orbiculata (mg·kg-1)
Fig.1  Distribution ratio of Pb chemical forms to total Pb in shoots (A) and roots (B)

Notes: FE: ethanol-extractable form; FW: water extractable form; FNaCI: NaCI extractable form; FHAc: HAc extractable form; FHCI: HCI extractable form; FR: residual form

Fig.2  Pb contents in four subcellular fractions of shoots and roots under three Pb concentrations in solution

Notes: FI: cell wall fraction; FII: Chloroplasts/trophoplast fraction; FIII: organelles fraction; FIV: supernatant soluble fraction

Pb concentrations in solution /(mg·L-1) soluble sugar /(mg·L-1) amino acid /(mg·L-1) acetic acid /(μmol·L-1) tartaric acid /(μmol·L-1) malic acid /(μmol·L-1) citric acid /(μmol·L-1)
0 7.78 b±0.41 0.12d±0.01 1.29 b±0.09 4.70 a±0.59 0.34 c±0.04 0.13d±0.01
50 10.09b±1.15 0.22c±0.02 1.43b±0.05 4.59 a±0.37 0.46 ab±0.04 0.16 c±0.02
100 16.44 a±1.63 0.34 b±0.07 1.71a±0.10 5.09 a±0.29 0.50a±0.04 0.18b±0.02
200 18.89a±1.77 0.51a±0.03 1.41b±0.09 4.94a±0.38 0.37bc±0.05 0.24 a±0.02
Tab.2  Effects of Pb on root exudates contents in A.orbiculata
X Y equation F R P
Pb concentrations in solution soluble sugar content Y= 8.21+ 0.058X 18.53 0.950* <0.05
amino acid content Y= 0.13+ 0.002X 381.98 0.997** <0.01
citric acid content Y= 0.13+ 0.0005X 451.25 0.998** <0.01
soluble sugar content Pb in shoots Y= -1235.5+ 179.43X 20.42 0.954* <0.05
FNaCl-Pb in shoots Y= -177.01+ 25.14X 41.44 0.977* <0.05
FHAc-Pb in shoots Y= -375.63+ 52.54X 28.54 0.967* <0.05
FHCl -Pb in shoots Y= -250.29+ 35.79X 37.99 0.975* <0.05
FE-Pb in roots Y= -22.40+ 6.82X 107.08 0.991** <0.01
amino acid content Pb in shoots Y= -585.82+ 5837.70X 372.20 0.997** <0.01
FE-Pb in shoots Y= 8.74+ 1+ 193.33X 17.98 0.950* <0.05
FW-Pb in shoots Y= 5.15+ 143.63X 35.98 0.972* <0.05
FNaCl-Pb in shoots Y= -80.61+ 800.05X 552.20 0.998** <0.01
FHAc-Pb in shoots Y= -179.96+ 1691.08X 1673.78 0.999** <0.01
FHCl-Pb in shoots Y= -113.81+ 1141.33X 587.70 0.998** <0.01
Pb in roots Y= -788.13+ 6258.69X 60.53 0.984* <0.05
FE-Pb in roots Y= 5.09+ 212.45X 116.36 0.991** <0.01
FNaCl-Pb in roots Y= -135.64+ 994.17X 39.76 0.976* <0.05
FHAc-Pb in roots Y= -218.11+ 1768.74X 106.09 0.990** <0.01
FHCl-Pb in roots Y= -175.75+ 1397.36X 61.36 0.984* <0.05
citric acid content Pb in shoots Y= -2582.10+ 21030.8X 188.30 0.994* <0.05
FW-Pb in shoots Y= -44.78+ 522.01X 46.91 0.979* <0.05
FNaCl-Pb in shoots Y= -348.15+ 2848.21X 60.39 0.984* <0.05
FHAc-Pb in shoots Y= -755.23+ 6058.50X 113.21 0.991** <0.01
FHCl-Pb in shoots Y= -496.31+ 4067.89X 65.58 0.985* <0.05
Pb in roots Y= -2995.2+ 22924.4X 437.89 0.997** <0.01
FE-Pb in roots Y= -64.40+ 747.56X 27.81 0.966* <0.05
FW-Pb in roots Y= -57.68+ 519.79X 31.62 0.970* <0.05
FNaCl-Pb in roots Y= -488.65+ 3655.01X 145.46 0.993** <0.01
FHAc-Pb in roots Y= -836.42+ 6447.92X 9635.99 0.999** <0.01
FHCl-Pb in roots Y= -688.08+ 5115.77X 391.89 0.997** <0.01
Tab.3  Regression analysis between Pb concentrations in solution, contents of Pb and root exudates in A.orbiculata (n = 4)
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