|
|
|
Distribution patterns of tree species in an evergreen
broadleaved forest in eastern China |
| Zhengrong LUO1,Bingyang DING2,Xiangcheng MI3,Jiuhua YU4,Yougui WU4 |
| 1.College of Life Science,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 2.The School of Life &
Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China; 3.Institute of Botany,
the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 4.Management of Baishanzu,
Fengyangshan-Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, Qingyuan 323800, China; |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Ecological assembly rules in evergreen broadleaved forest are far from clear understanding. Spatial dispersion of individuals in a species is central in ecological theory. We analyzed the spatial patterns as well as associations between adult and juvenile of each tree species in a 5-ha subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest plot in eastern China. Out of the 74 species occurring with more than 10 individuals, 88.4% of these species are aggregated. Most of them are aggregated from small to large scales. Spatial distributions of some species correspond with topography. Many bad dispersed species in the Baishanzu exhibit a highly aggregated distribution at small scales. These suggest that environmental heterogeneity and/or dispersal limitation may be the most important mechanisms that control the distribution patterns of these species. Our observations of the aggregations of abundant species basically support the hypothesis that dispersal limitation decreases as the number of reproductive limitation trees increases. The rest species are randomly distributed, with less than 10 individuals. For most common species, spatial aggregation is weaker in larger diameter classes, and the distance between adults is larger than that between juveniles and adults, suggesting that density-dependence works on loosing aggregation and excluding nonspecific juvenile to form adult trees. However, the density-dependent effect is not strong enough to eliminate all seedlings near adult trees and to result in a regular distribution of trees; thus the density dependence is usually masked by the refuge effect.
|
| Keywords
subtropical evergreen forest
spatial pattern
spatial association
K function
species coexistence
|
|
Issue Date: 05 December 2009
|
|
|
Arévalo J R, Fernández-Palacios J M(2003). Spatial patterns of trees and juveniles in a laurelforest of tenerife, canary islands. PlantEcology, 165(1): 1―10
doi: 10.1023/A:1021490715660
|
|
Boeck H J D, Nijs I, Lemmens C M H M, Ceulemans R(2006). Underlying effects of spatial aggregation (clumping)in relationships between plant diversity and resource uptake. Oikos, 113(2): 269―278
doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14257.x
|
|
Condit R, Hubbell S P, Foster R B(1994). Density dependence in two understorytree species in a neotropical forest. Ecology, 75(3): 671―680
doi: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1414
|
|
Condit R, Ashton P S, Baker P, Bunyavejchewin S, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N, Hubbell S P, Foster R B, Itoh A, LaFrankie J V, Lee H S, Losos E, Manokaran N, Sukumar R, Yamakura T(2000). Spatial patterns in the distributionof tropical tree species. Science, 288(5470): 1414―1418
doi: 10.2307/1941725
|
|
Connell J H(1971). On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitiveexclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: den Boer P J, Gradwell G R,eds. Dynamics of Populations. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Centrefor Agricultural Publication and Documentation, 298―312
|
|
Cornelissen J H C, Werger M J A, Zhong Z C(1994). Effects of canopy gaps on the growthof tree seedlings from subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forestsof southern China. Plant Ecology, 110(1): 43―54
|
|
Dale M R T, Dixon P, Fortin M J, Legendre P, Myers D E, Rosenberg M S(2002). Conceptual and mathematical relationshipsamong methods for spatial analysis. Ecography, 25(5): 558―577
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250506.x
|
|
Diggle P(2003). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns. London, UK: Arnold
|
|
Dixon P M(2002). Ripley's KFuction. In: El-Shaarawi A H, Piegorsch W W, eds. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics (3). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1796―1803
|
|
Dolezal J, Stastna P, Hara T, Srutek M(2004). Neighbourhood interactions and environmental factorsinfluencing old-pasture succession in the Central Pyrenees. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15(1): 101―108
doi: 10.1007/s11258-005-9090-3
|
|
Dolezal J, Srutek M, Hara T, Sumida A, Penttila T(2006). Neighborhoodinteractions influencing tree population dynamics in nonpyrogenousboreal forest in northern Finland. PlantEcology, 185(1): 135―150
doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02242.x
|
|
Dovciak M, Frelich L E, Reich P B(2001). Discordance in spatial patterns ofwhite pine (pinus strobus) size-classesin a patchy near-boreal forest. Journalof Ecology, 89(2): 280―291
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00545.x
|
|
Enoki T(2003). Microtopography and distribution of canopy trees ina subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the northern part ofOkinawa island, Japan. Ecological Research, 18(2): 103―113
doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2003.00549.x
|
|
Enoki T, Abe A(2004). Saplingsdistribution in relation to topography and canopy openness in an evergreenbroad-leaved forest. Plant Ecology, 173(2): 283―291
doi: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029336.80225.f0
|
|
Fajardo A, Goodburn J M, Graham J(2006). Spatial patterns of regenerationin managed uneven-aged ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of westernMontana, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 223(1―3): 255―266
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.11.022
|
|
Getzin S, Dean C, He F, Trofymow J A, Wiegand K, Wiegand T(2006). Spatial patterns and competitionof tree species in a Douglas-fir chronosequence on Vancouver island. Ecography, 29(5): 671―682
doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04675.x
|
|
Getzin S, Wiegand K(2007). Asymmetrictree growth at the stand level: Random crown patterns and the responseto slope. Forest Ecology and Management, 242(2,3): 165―174
|
|
Gong G, Chen J, Mi X, Chen S, Fang T(2007). Habitat associationsof wood species in the Gutianshan subtropical broad-leaved evergreenforest. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 5(3): 79―83 (in Chinese)
|
|
Grau H R(2000). Regeneration patterns of Cedrelalilloi (meliaceae) in northwestern Argentina subtropicalmontane forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16(2): 227―242
doi: 10.1017/S0266467400001371
|
|
Greig-Smith P(1983). Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
|
|
Grubb P J(1977). The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities:The importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews, 53(1): 107―145
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01347.x
|
|
He F, Legendre P, LaFrankie J V(1997). Distribution patterns of tree speciesin a malaysian tropical rain forest. Journalof Vegetation Science, 8(1): 105―114
doi: 10.2307/3237248
|
|
He J S, Chen W L, Li L H(1998). Biodiversity of main type of communiesof evergreen broad-leaved forest in central subtropics in east China. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 22: 303―311 (In Chinese)
|
|
Hou J H, Mi X C, Liu C R, Ma K P(2004). Spatial patterns and associations in a quercus-betula forest in northern China. Journal ofVegetation Science, 15(3): 407―414
|
|
Hubbell S P(1979). Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropicaldry forest. Science, 203(4387): 1299―1309
doi: 10.1126/science.203.4387.1299
|
|
Hubbell S P(1980). Seed predation and the coexistence of tree species intropical forests. Oikos, 25(2): 214―229
doi: 10.2307/3544429
|
|
Hubbell S P, Condit R, Foster R B, Grubb P J, Thomas C D(1990). Presence and absenceof density dependence in a neotropical tree community. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 330(1257): 269―281
|
|
Hubbell S P(2001). The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00445.x
|
|
Hubbell S P, Ahumada J A, Condit R, Forster R B(2001). Local neighborhood effects on long-term survival ofindividual trees in a neotropical forest. Ecological Research, 16(5): 859―875
doi: 10.1098/rstb.1990.0198
|
|
Janzen D H(1970). Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropicalforests. The American Naturalist, 104(940): 501―528
doi: 10.1086/282687
|
|
Kenkel N C, Hendrie M L, Bella I E(1997). A long-term study of Pinus banksiana population dynamics. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8(2): 241―254
doi: 10.2307/3237353
|
|
Lancaster J, Downes B J(2004). Spatialpoint pattern analysis of available and exploited resources. Ecography, 27(1): 94―102
doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03694.x
|
|
Levin S A(1992). The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 73(6): 1943―1967
doi: 10.2307/1941447
|
|
Loosmore N B, Ford E D(2006). Statisticalinference using the G or K point pattern. Ecology, 87(8): 1925―1931
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1925:SIUTGO]2.0.CO;2
|
|
Manabe T, Yamamoto S(1997). Spatialdistribution of Eurya japonica inan old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest, southwest Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8(6): 761―772
doi: 10.1023/A:1026512404110
|
|
Manabe T, Nishimura N, Miura M, Yamamoto S(2000). Population structure and spatial patterns for treesin a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan. Plant Ecology, 151(2): 181―197
doi: 10.2307/3237020
|
|
McDonald R I, Peet R K, Urban D L(2003). Spatial pattern of Quercus regeneration limitation and acerrubrum invasion in a piedmont forest. Journalof Vegetation Science, 14(3): 441―450
|
|
Nathan R, Muller-Landau H C(2000). Spatialpatterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences forrecruitment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 15(7): 278―285
doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01874-7
|
|
Nishimura N, Hara T, Miura M, Manabe T, Yamamoto S(2002). Treecompetition and species coexistence in a warm-temperate old-growthevergreen broad-leaved forest in japan. Plant Ecology, 164(2): 235―248
doi: 10.1023/A:1021224429091
|
|
Plotkin J B, Potts M D, Lesliea N, Manokarane N, Lafrankieb J, Ashton P S(2000). Species-area curves, spatial aggregation,and habitat specialization in tropical forests. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 207(1): 81―99
doi: 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2158
|
|
Ripley B D(1977). Modelling spatial patterns. Journal of the Royal StatisticalSociety. Series B (Methodological), 39(2): 172―212
|
|
Sollins P(1998). Factors influencing species composition in tropicallowland rain forest: Does soil matter? Ecology, 79(1): 23―30
|
|
Song Y C, Chen X Y, Wang X H(2005). Studies on evergreen broad-leavedforests of China: A retrospect and prospect. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), 1(1): 1―8 (in Chinese)
|
|
Sri-Ngernyuang K, Kanzaki M, Mizuno T, Noguchi H, Teejuntuk S, Sungpalee C, Hara M, Yamakura T, Sahunalu P, Dhanmanonda P, Bunyavejchewin S(2003). Habitat differentiationof Lauraceae species in a tropical lower montane forest in northernthailand. Ecological Research, 18(1): 1―14
doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2003.00539.x
|
|
Sterner R W, Ribic C A, Schatz G E(1986). Testing for life historical changesin spatial patterns of four tropical tree species. Journal of Ecology, 74(3): 621―633
doi: 10.2307/2260386
|
|
Volkov I, Banavar J R, He F, Hubbell S P, Maritan A(2005). Densitydependence explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropicalforest. Nature, 438: 658―661
doi: 10.1038/nature04030
|
|
Wiegand T, Moloney K A(2004). Rings,circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Ecography, 104(2): 109―229
doi: 10.1086/521240
|
|
Wiegand T, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N(2007). Species associations in a heterogeneousSri Lankan dipterocarp forest. The AmericanNaturalist, 170(4): E77―E95
|
|
Wijesinghe D K, John E A, Hutchings M J(2005). Does pattern of soil resource heterogeneitydetermine plant community structure? Anexperimental investigation. Journal of Ecology, 93(1): 99―112
doi: 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00934.x
|
|
Wright J(2002). Plant diversity in tropical forests: A review of mechanismsof species coexistence. Oecologia, 130(1): 1―14
|
|
Yu J H, Yao F P, Chen X R, Zhou R F, Cheng Q B, Ding B Y(2003). An introduction to main vegetaion types in baishanzunature reserve. Journal of Tropical andSubtropical Botany, 11(2): 93―98 (in Chinese)
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
