Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds isolated from the fungal endophytes of <i>Zingiber nimmonii</i> (J. Graham) Dalzell.

doi:10.1007/s11515-016-1441-z

Front. Biol.

2017, Vol. 12

Issue (2) : 151-162 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-016-1441-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds isolated from the fungal endophytes of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell.

Madhuchhanda Das¹, Harischandra Sripathy Prakash², Monnanda Somaiah Nalini¹(

)

¹. Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 006, Karnataka, India
². Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 006, Karnataka, India

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The microbes living in planta termed ‘endophytes’ is bestowed with the potential to produce bioactive substances. The aim of this investigation was focused on the isolation and molecular identification of the fungal endophytes fromZingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell., an endemic medicinal plant species of the ‘Western ghats’, a hotspot location in southern India and characterization of the secondary metabolites responsible for the antioxidant and DNA protective capacity using chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques.

METHODS: Endophytic fungi were isolated and identified by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). The secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate and evaluated for the total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant capacities. The isolates with potential antioxidative property were further analyzed for the DNA protection ability and the presence of bioactive phenolic compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectroscopy/Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS/MS) techniques.

RESULTS: Endophytic fungi belonging to 11 different taxa were identified. The total phenolic content of the extracts ranged from 10.8±0.7 to 81.6±6.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract. Flavonoid was present in eight extracts in the range of 5.2±0.5 to 24.3±0.9 mg catechin equivalents/g dry extract.Bipolaris specifera, Alternaria tenuissima, Aspergillus terreus, Nectria haematococca and Fusarium chlamydosporum extracts exhibited a potentially high antioxidant capacity. Characterization of the extracts revealed an array of phenolic acids and flavonoids.N. haematococcaand F. chlamydosporum extracts contained quercetin and showed DNA protection ability.

CONCLUSION: This study is the first comprehensive report on the fungal endophytes from Z. nimmonii, as potential sources of antioxidative and DNA protective compounds. The study indicates that Z. nimmonii endophytes are potential sources of antioxidants over the plant itself.

Keywords endophytic fungi Zingiber Western Ghats phenolic acids flavonoid DNA protection

Corresponding Author(s): Monnanda Somaiah Nalini

Online First Date: 16 February 2017 Issue Date: 14 April 2017

Cite this article:

Madhuchhanda Das,Harischandra Sripathy Prakash,Monnanda Somaiah Nalini. Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds isolated from the fungal endophytes of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell.[J]. Front. Biol., 2017, 12(2): 151-162.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-016-1441-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2017/V12/I2/151

Fig.1 Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell., from the Western Ghats. (A) Aerial portion; (B) Roots and spikes arising directly from root stock; (C) Flower with yellow lip.

Tab.1 Taxonomic identification,percent colonization and relative frequency of the fungal endophytes isolated fromZ. nimmonii.

Fig.2 Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content of fungal endophytes. Data are reported as mean±SD of three independent analyses (n = 3). Values with the different letters in the data labels are significantly different (p<0.05).

Tab.2 Antioxidant capacity of fungal endophytes isolated from Z. nimmonii

Fig.3 Light micrography of fungal endophytes with high antioxidant capacity at 40X. (A) B. specifera; (B) A. tenuissima; (C) A. terreus; (D) F. chlamydosporum; (E) Chlamydospores of F. chlamydosporum; (F) Hyphal coil of F. chlamydosporum; (G) N. hematococca.

Fig.4 DNA protection assay of extracts from respective endophytic fungus.

Tab.3 Concentration (mg/g of extract) of various phenolic compounds in five selected extracts of endophytes

Fig.5 HPLC chromatograms of phenolics. (A) Separation of phenolic acids and catechin in standard mixture (at 280 nm); (B)B. specifera; (C) A. tenuissima; (D) A. terreus; (E) Separation of quercetin and kaempferol in standard mixture (at 260 nm); (F) N. hematococca; (G) F. chlamydosporum. (1- Catechin, 2- Chlorogenic acid, 3- Caffeic acid, 4- p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5- Vanillic acid, 6- Syringic acid, 7- p-Coumaric acid, 8- Ferulic acid, 9- Protocatechuic acid, 10- Quercetin, 11- Kaempferol).

Tab.4 ESI-MS/MS analysis of HPLC fragments of endophytic fungal extracts

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