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Frontiers in Energy

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Front. Energy    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (2) : 145-159    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0304-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for a rural community of Sokoto, North-west Nigeria
O. D. OHIJEAGBON1, Oluseyi. O AJAYI2()
1. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Akoka 100213, Nigeria
2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota 112101, Nigeria
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Abstract

An assessment of the potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for an off-grid rural community of Sokoto, North-west Nigeria was conducted. A specific electric load profile was developed to suite the community consisting 200 homes, a school and a community health center. The data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Department, Oshodi, Lagos (daily mean wind speeds, and daily global solar radiation for 24 years from 1987 to 2010) were used. An assessment of the design that will optimally meet the daily load demand with a loss of load probability (LOLP) of 0.01 was performed, considering 3 stand-alone applications of photovoltaic (PV), wind and diesel, and 3 hybrid designs of wind-PV, wind-diesel, and solar-diesel. The diesel standalone system (DSS) was taken as the basis of comparison as the experimental location has no connection to a distribution network. The HOMER® software optimizing tool was engaged following the feasibility analysis with the RETScreen software. The wind standalone system (WSS) was found to be the optimal means of producing renewable electricity in terms of life cycle cost as well as levelised cost of producing energy at $0.15/(kW·h). This is competitive with grid electricity, which is presently at a cost of approximately $0.09/(kW·h) and 410% better than the conventional DSS at a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.62/kWh. The WSS is proposed for communities around the study site.
Keywords photovoltaic (PV) power      wind power      solar-wind hybrid      cost per kilowatt-hour      clean energy     
Corresponding Author(s): Oluseyi. O AJAYI   
Issue Date: 19 May 2014
 Cite this article:   
O. D. OHIJEAGBON,Oluseyi. O AJAYI. Potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for a rural community of Sokoto, North-west Nigeria[J]. Front. Energy, 2014, 8(2): 145-159.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-014-0304-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2014/V8/I2/145
Fig.1  Location of meteorology station of the community (Google Earth)
Power rating/W Household appliance
24 42” ceiling fan (low speed)
55–90 19” CRT television
150–340 Desktop computer and 17” CRT monitor
60 60-W light bulb (incandescent)
18 CFL light bulb (60-W equivalent)
Tab.1  General wattage chart for some household appliances [40,41]
Description AC/DC Intermittent resource-load correlation Base case load(home)/W No. of appliance per home/W Hours of use per day/(h·d−1) Days of use per week Base case load for community/W
TV AC Negative 90 1 6 7 18000
Bulb AC Negative 18 6 7 7 21600
Fan AC Zero 24 3 8 7 14400
Water pump AC Positive Community based Community based 3 3 20000
Radio DC Zero 6 1 5 7 1200
Clinic equipment AC Positive Community based Community based 5 5 2000
School electronics AC Positive Community based Community based 5 5 2400
Electricity- daily- AC/(kW·h) 357.256571
Tab.2  Electricity consumption analysis of a rural community of 200 homes [42]
Fig.2  Daily load profile for design of hybrid energy systems in rural areas of North-west Nigeria
Fig.3  Flowchart of tilted irradiance calculation
Fig.4  Flowchart of wind energy model [47]
Fig.5  Kinetic battery model [48]
Component Interest rate/% Project life time Cost/($·kW−1) O & M/$ Replacement cost/($·kW−1)
Wind turbine 6 20?years 1800 400/yr 1800
Solar panel 6 25?years 3000 0/yr 1500
Battery 6 10?years (float) 100 20/yr 100
Converter 6 12?years 500 80/yr 500
Diesel generator 6 15000?h 350 0.050/hr 300
Tab.3  Cost of components used in the design of HES (installation cost embedded in component cost)
Fig.6  Monthly average radiation in Sokoto
Fig.7  Annual average solar radiation in Sokoto
Fig.8  Plot of annual average hours equaled or exceeded for different radiation and PV power outputs of 24?years in Sokoto
Fig.9  Correlation between monthly average solar radiation and electricity generated via a 135?kW solar panel in Sokoto
Quantity PV energy value/(kW·h·a−1) Wind energy value/(kW·h·a−1)
PV array/ Wind turbine production 228102 293689
load met (LOLP of 0.01) 129824 129701
Excess electricity 72112 154793
Unmet electric load 830 957
Tab.4  Electricity consumed as a percentage of PV and wind standalone production (kW·h/a)
Fig.10  Monthly battery state of charge (SOC) for PV standalone system
Fig.11  NPV by cost type for PV standalone system in Sokoto
Fig.12  Plot of monthly average wind speeds of 24 years
Fig.13  Plot of annual average wind speeds of 24 years
Fig.14  Plot of annual average hours equaled or exceeded for different wind speeds of 24 years
Fig.15  Correlation between monthly wind speed and electricity generated via two PGE 20/25 50kW turbines
Quantity Wind battery capacity/(kW·h·a−1) PV battery capacity/(kW·h·a−1)
Energy in 22347 79444
Energy out 18995 67703
Storage depletion 0 175
Losses 3352 11566
Tab.5  Trojan L16P battery specification—comparison between wind and PV standalone systems
Fig.16  Monthly battery state of charge for WSS
Fig.17  NPC summary—comparison between wind and PV standalone systems
Technology Total NPC/$ Total NPC/NGN Initial capital/$ Initial capital/NGN LCOE/
($·kW−1·h −1)		 LCOE/ (NGN·kW−1·h −1)
Wind 8,527 1,321,685 145,700 22,583,500 0.15 23.87
Wind-diesel 13,177 2,042,435 93,150 14,438,250 0.16 24.34
Wind-PV 11,254 1,744,370 290,090 44,963,950 0.26 40.30
PV-diesel 25,174 3,901,970 302,900 46,949,500 0.38 58.28
PV 17,147 2,657,785 541,300 83,901,500 0.46 70.99
Diesel 79,866 12,379,230 12,250 1,898,750 0.62 95.95
Tab.6  Results of econometrics analysis for the deployment of various power generating RE technologies at the rural community (Ranking by total NPC)
Fig.18  Comparison between initial capital and total NPC
Technology Turbine/PV panel rating/kW Initial capital/$ Total NPC Annualized cost/($·a−1) LCOE/($·kW−1·h −1) Profit/($·a−1)
Wind embedded Generation 3000 5438300 −8137331 −1931774 −0.14 2084025
PV embedded Generation 7500 25045 200 −3483146 −827655 −0.074 814592
Tab.7  Investor profit on embedded generation for a 5-year Project Life Span with the present MYTO for Sokoto, Nigeria
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