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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

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Front. Energy    2017, Vol. 11 Issue (4) : 437-451    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-017-0509-z
REVIEW ARTICLE
Solar fuel from photo-thermal catalytic reactions with spectrum-selectivity: a review
Sanli TANG, Jie SUN(), Hui HONG, Qibin LIU
Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract

Solar fuel is one of the ideal energy sources in the future. The synergy of photo and thermal effects leads to a new approach to higher solar fuel production under relatively mild conditions. This paper reviews different approaches for solar fuel production from spectrum-selective photo-thermal synergetic catalysis. The review begins with the meaning of synergetic effects, and the mechanisms of spectrum-selectivity and photo-thermal catalysis. Then, from a technical perspective, a number of experimental or theoretical works are sorted by the chemical reactions and the sacrificial reagents applied. In addition, these works are summarized and tabulated based on the operating conditions, spectrum-selectivity, materials, and productivity. A discussion is finally presented concerning future development of photo-thermal catalytic reactions with spectrum-selectivity.
Keywords photo-thermal catalysis      spectrum-selectivity      solar fuel      full-spectrum     
Corresponding Author(s): Jie SUN   
Just Accepted Date: 30 October 2017   Online First Date: 29 November 2017    Issue Date: 14 December 2017
 Cite this article:   
Sanli TANG,Jie SUN,Hui HONG, et al. Solar fuel from photo-thermal catalytic reactions with spectrum-selectivity: a review[J]. Front. Energy, 2017, 11(4): 437-451.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-017-0509-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2017/V11/I4/437
Fig.1  Photo-thermal catalytic reactionswith spectrum-selectivity
Fig.2  LSPR absorption of around550 nm for catalyst films
Fig.3  Schematic of the prototypereactor with measurement of the time dependent graph
Fig.4  Testing the properties ofPt/TiO2 for photo-thermal synergy
Fig.5  Testing the properties ofnoble metal loaded SBA-15
Fig.6  Testing the properties ofRu/TiO(2−x)Nx
Fig.7  Absorbance
Fig.8  Test of photocatalytic activityin different conditions
Fig.9  Hydrogen production fromsunlight through the SO2/sulfuric acid cycle
Fig.10  SEM images
Reference Catalyst Preparation methods Light absorption Light Source and intensity Temperature (°C)/Pressure (atm) Reactants/Reactions Yields
Liu et al. [10] 1 wt.% Pt/TiO2 Photo-deposited – 300 W Xenon lamp
UV-Vis-IR		 54/– 50 mL of 10 vol.% methanol aqueoussolution H2, 22 mmol/(gcat·h)
Mangrulkar et al.
[11]		 Nanocomposite of Zn/ZnO and 10 mgcarbonic anhydrase Directly mixed Before 400 nm and a peak around 800nm two 200 W tungsten
filament lamps		 70–80/– 100 mL of CO2 saturated water H2, 1.238 mmol/(gcat·h)
Nikitenko et al. [17] Ti@TiO2 Primary passivation of Ti nanopowderand crystallization of TiO2 nanoparticles atthe surface of metallic Ti core. >80% from UV to NIR region 100 W halogen lamp
500 W·m−2		 60/– 10 mL of 25 vol. % methanol aqueoussolution H2, 0.468 mmol/(gcat·h)
Liang et al. [36] Pt/TiO2 Photo-deposited Before 400 nm 300 W Xenon lamp
6500 W·m−2		 55/– 100 mL aqueous solutions containing0.02 mL ethylene glycol H2, 3.795 mmol/(gcat·h)
Gao et al. [48] SiO2/Ag@TiO2 SiO2/Ag: Stöbermethod TiO2 coating: sol-gel method Full spectrum Real sun, 1 sun 100/1 300 mL of 20 vol.% glycerol with 10.5g of sodium chloride H2, 13.3 mmol/(gcat·h)
Song et al. [51] Non plasmonic Pt/TiO2 In situ photodecomposition >70% (<400 nm) = 70% (400–800nm) Purple LED light 90/– 120 mL of 10 vol.% HCOOH aqueous solution H2, 714.3 mmol/(gcat·h)
Puangpetch et al.
[53]		 0.5 wt.% Pt-loaded SrTiO3 Mesoporous-assembled Before 450 nm 176 W Hg lamps 45/– 500 mL of 50 vol.% methanol aqueoussolution H2, 500 mmol/(gcat·h)
500 mL of 1 mol/L Na2SO3 aqueous solution H2, 170 mmol/(gcat·h)
Shimura et al. [55] Pt(0.1)/NaTaO3:La(2%) Solid-state reaction method; impreganationmethod for Pt loading Before 320 nm 300W Xenon lamp 140/1 10% CH4, 1%H2O with Ar carrier gas with total flow rateof 50 mL/min H2, 270 mmol/(gcat·h)
Shimura et al. [56] Pt(7%)/Ga2O3 Homogeneous precipitation for Ga2O3, impreganation method forPt loading – 300 W Xenon lamp 71/– Mixture of water vapor and methanewith total flow rate of 40 mL/min H2, 50.3 mmol/(gcat·h)
CO, 3.82 mmol/(gcat·h)
and hydrocarbon<1 μmol/(gcat?h)
Yuliati et al. [59] b-Ga2O3 Commercial products pretreated at1073 K in 13.3 kPa oxygen – 300 W Xenon lamp 400/– 400 mmol of 1:1 (molar ratio) CH4 and CO2 H2, 10.53 mmol/(gcat?h)
Liu et al. [60] Rh-Au/SBA-15 Au deposition: precipitation method;Rude position: impregnation method Before 600 nm 300 W Xenon lamp, 3000 W/m2 500/– 1:1 CH4:CO2 with total flow rate of 20 mL/min H2: 414 mmol/(gcat?h)
CO: 408 mmol/(gcat?s)
Han et al. [61] Black TiO2 on light diffuse-reflection surface Hydrogenation Peak before 400 nm, relatively strongbefore 800 nm AM 1.5G, 1000 W/m2, UV light filtered 650/– 1:1 CH4: CO2 with total flow rate of 10 mL/min H2, 129 mmol/(gcat?h)
CO, 370 mmol/(gcat?h)
Ghuman et al. [65] Hydroxylated In2O3−x(OH)y Temperature controlled decompositionof In(OH)3 >90%(<400 nm) = 20% (400–800 nm) 300W Xe lamp 2200 W/m2 150/3 1:1 CO2: H2 with total flow rate of 6 mL/min CO,15 mmol/(gcat?h)
Hoch et al. [66] Evenly coated In2O3−x(OH)y/SiNW film Metal assisted chemical etching fornanowires >95% (full spectrum) 300 W Xe lamp ~20 kW/m2 150/2 12 mL of 1:1 CO2 and H2 CO, 22 mmol/(gcat?h)
Jia et al. [67] Ru/SiNW Metalassistedchemical etching fornanowires >70% before 1100 nm,>40% before 2500 nm Xe lamp
25 kW/m2		 160/1.84 1.8 mL of 4:1 H2 and CO2 CO, 4.9 mmol/(gcat?h)
Lin et al. [62] Ru/TiO2 Facile impregnation reduction method. Before 600 nm UV light irradiation from a Xenonlamp 200/1 0.5 vol.% CO, 20.0 vol. % H2 and balance He, with total flow rate of 100 mL/min (CO conversion 100%)
Lin et al. [63] Ni/TiO2 Facile impregnation reduction method Before 400 nm 250/1 1 vol.% CO, 39 vol.% H2, and balance gas He with total flow rate of 100 mL/min (CO conversion 100%)
Lin et al. [22] Ru/TiO(2−x)Nx Sol-gel method Full spectrum Visible light 190/1 0.6 vol. % CO2, 2.4 vol.% H2, and t balance gas He withtotal flow rate of 60 mL/min 20 (turned CO over per Ru atom perhour)
Upadhye et al. [68] Au-TiO2(DP) Deposition-precipitation method >65% before 700 nm Visible light 5216 W/m2 400/7.49 2:1 H2 andCO2 with total flow rate of 15 mL/min CO2 reduction2.663 mmol/(gcat?h)
Tab.1  Summary of photo-thermalcatalytic reactions with spectrum-selectivity and sacrificial reagents
Reference Photothermal catalysts Light absorption Light source and intensity Temperature (°C)/ Pressure(atm) Reactants or reactions Yields
Hisatomi et al. [72] Rh2−yCryO3 loadedGa2O3:Zn – 300 W Xe lamp (200–500 nm) 72/– 140 mL of distilled water H2, 387 mmol/(gcat?h); O2, ~194 mmol/(gcat?h)
Wang et al. [76] m-WO3 treatedin H2 at 250°C UV-Vis light 300 W Xenon lamp (>420 nm) 250/– 120 mL of H2O and CO2 mixture CH4 2.083 mmol/(gcat?h), CH3OH 0.208 mmol/(gcat?h)
Wang et al. [76] m-WO3 treatedin H2 at 550°C UV-Vis light 300 W Xenon lamp (>420 nm) 250/– 120 mL of H2O and CO2 mixture CH4 0.417 mmol/(gcat?h), CH3OH 0.83 mmol/(gcat?h)
Chanmanee et al. [79] 5%Co/TiO2 – 4 surrounding 250 W Hg lamps 200/6.1 p(H2O)/p(CO2) = 0.6, with total flow rate of 40 mL/min O2 40 mg/(gcat?h), hydrocarbon10 mg/(gcat?h), H2 2 mg/(gcat?h)
Docao et al. [81] Cu(1.0)/TiO2 Before 420 nm AM 1.5 G solar simulator, 3 suns Room temperature for water splitting,140 for reduction of oxide Water steam with N2 carrier gas 4 mmol/(cm2?h)
(0.25 g catalyst, irradiated area=6 cm2)
Tab.2  Summary of photo-thermalcatalytic reactions with spectrum-selectivity but without sacrificialreagents
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