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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

Postal Subscription Code 80-972

2018 Impact Factor: 1.701

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Front. Energy    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (1) : 163-171    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0554-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Flame-retardant properties of in situ sol-gel synthesized inorganic borosilicate/silicate polymer scaffold matrix comprising ionic liquid
Kumar Sai SMARAN1, Rajashekar BADAM2, Raman VEDARAJAN3(), Noriyoshi MATSUMI4
1. School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
2. School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Surface Science Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
3. School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Centre for Fuel Cell Technology, International Advanced Research Center for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Chennai, India
4. School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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Abstract

This paper focuses on the superiority of organic-inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) over commercial electrolytes, such as 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC) {1 M LiPF6-EC: DMC}, in terms of their flame susceptibility. These ion-gel electrolytes possess ionic liquid monomers, which are confined within the borosilicate or silicate matrices that are ideal for non-flammability. Naked flame tests confirm that the organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes are less susceptible to flames, and these electrolytes do not suffer from a major loss in terms of weight. In addition, the hybrids are self-extinguishable. Therefore, these hybrids are only oxidized when subjected to a flame unlike other commercial electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries. Supplementary analyses using differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal that the hybrids are glassy until the temperature reaches more than 100°C. The current results are consistent with previously published data on the organic-inorganic hybrids.
Keywords inorganic polymeric borosilicate network      organic-inorganic hybrids      self-extinguishability      nonflammability      lithium batteries      flame-retardants     
Corresponding Author(s): Raman VEDARAJAN   
Just Accepted Date: 02 March 2018   Online First Date: 23 April 2018    Issue Date: 20 March 2019
 Cite this article:   
Kumar Sai SMARAN,Rajashekar BADAM,Raman VEDARAJAN, et al. Flame-retardant properties of in situ sol-gel synthesized inorganic borosilicate/silicate polymer scaffold matrix comprising ionic liquid[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(1): 163-171.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-018-0554-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/163
Fig.1  Photographic images of time-sequenced flammability tests of a commercial electrolyte (i.e., 1 M LiPF6-EC: DMC) (The area circled in red highlights the flame due to the burning of the commercial electrolyte. The time counter is shown in the background, and the black rod on the right is the front portion of the lighter used for ignition.)
Fig.2  Charge-discharge profiles of commercial electrolyte 1 M LiPF6- EC: DMC at 0.1 C charging rate (0.03 – 3.1 V)
Fig.3  Flowchart showing the sample designation and classification
Fig.4  Photographic images of the time sequenced flammability tests for hybrids A–C
Fig.5  Photographic images of the time-sequenced flammability tests of hybrids D–F
Fig.6  Photographic images of the time-sequenced flammability tests for hybrids G–I
Fig.7  Photographic images of the time-sequenced flammability tests of hybrids J–L
LiTFSA based hybrids LiPF6 based hybrids
Sample Weight loss/% Time/s Sample Weight loss/% Time/s
A (MDMB 0.5 mmol) 15.9 61 G (MDMB 0.5 mmol) 16.8 64
B (MDMB 1.0 mmol) 9.77 60 H (MDMB 1.0 mmol) 15.5 61
C (MDMB 1.5 mmol) 13.2 61 I (MDMB 1.5 mmol) 21.1 67
D (TMB 0.5 mmol) 11.5 60 J (TMB 0.5 mmol) 33.5 67
E (TMB 1.0 mmol) 10.3 70 K (TMB 1.0 mmol) 25.6 63
F (TMB 1.5 mmol) 16.9 62 L (TMB 1.5 mmol) 16.9 63
Tab.1  Weight losses due to flame tests for 1 min
Fig.8  Effect of morphological parameters on the thermal stability
Fig.9  DSC traces of LiTFSA-based organic-inorganic hybrids
Fig.10  XPS survey spectra of the organic-inorganic hybrid before and after the flame test
Fig.11  High-resolution XPS spectra of Si 2p before and after the flame test
Element Before flame test After flame test
F 2p 35.69 –
Si 2p 1.233 18.16
Si 2s – 17.45
S 2p 4.614 3.531
B 1s 4.465 –
S 2s 4.13 1.533
C 1s 19.656 11.367
N 1s 3.717 2.472
O 1s 12.657 38.605
F 1s 13.801 6.851
Tab.2  Change in the elemental composition before and after the flame test
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