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Frontiers in Energy

ISSN 2095-1701

ISSN 2095-1698(Online)

CN 11-6017/TK

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Front. Energy    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (3) : 249-259    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-016-0412-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Heat prices for public buildings in Tianjin
Boyuan HAO1,Zhe TIAN1,Yan DING1,*(),Peng PENG2
1. Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy, MOE, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. Tianjin Research Institute of Architecture Design & Urban Planning, Tianjin 300073, China
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Abstract

Energy-saving awareness of heat users and heating enterprises can be stimulated by implementing heat metering for public buildings and by establishing scientific and reasonable policies for heat prices in China. In this paper, a two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is introduced, which divides the heat price into a basic part and a metering part. According to the statistical analysis of information collected from two pilot heating enterprises, the specific heat load for public buildings in Tianjin is calculated, and three candidate schemes of heat price are proposed. A simulation of heat cost is also conducted, and the benefits for both heat users and heating enterprises are balanced. Finally, the two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is determined: the basic heat price is recommended to be 20 CNY/m2, and the metering heat price is recommended to be 76.10 CNY/GJ. Such a price could be implemented in the initial stage of heat metering for public buildings in Tianjin.
Keywords heat metering      public buildings      two-part heat price      specific heat load     
Corresponding Author(s): Yan DING   
Just Accepted Date: 05 May 2016   Online First Date: 30 May 2016    Issue Date: 07 September 2016
 Cite this article:   
Boyuan HAO,Zhe TIAN,Yan DING, et al. Heat prices for public buildings in Tianjin[J]. Front. Energy, 2016, 10(3): 249-259.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-016-0412-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2016/V10/I3/249
Province (Municipality) City Type of public buildings Basic heat price/ (CNY•m–2) Metering heat price/ (CNY•GJ–1) Ratio of basic heat price/%
Beijing Unified 18 55.6 55
Heilongjiang Harbin Ordinary 21.4 43 50
Energy-saving 18 49 50
Shandong Jinan Unified 20 58 50
Linyi Unified 11 64 30
Weihai Unified 10 30.6 40
Shanxi Taiyuan Unified 11.25 95.6 30
Jilin Changchun Commercial 21.6 26.7 50
Office 20 24.4 50
Liaoning Shenyang Unified 16 47.6 50
Henan Zhengzhou Unified 13.4 76.4 50
Hebei Tangshan Unified 10.6 37.5 50
Baoding Unified 13.2 36 50
Chengde Unified 16.5 50.8 50
Xingtai Unified 15 48.6 50
Ningxia Yinchuan Commercial 8.3 40 30
Office 7.4 35.6 30
Tab.1  Heat metering prices in public buildings in China
Name Heat price mechanism Scope of application Basic heat price (CNY/ (m2·month)–1) Metering heat price/ (CNY&·GJ–1)
TD thermal power corporation One-part — — 103
Two-part Schools 2.5 25.28
General corporations 33.5a 62
TB thermal power corporation Two-part — 5.61 42.4
Tab.2  Heat price schemes in Tianjin heating enterprises
Region Basic heat price/ (CNY·m−2) Metering heat price/ (CNY·GJ−1) Ratio of basic heat price/%
TD Corporation 20 62 40
TB Corporation 22.4 42.4 60
Beijing 18 55.6 55
Tab.3  Comparison of two-part heat tariffs in 3 regions
Fig.1  Statistics of actual heat consumption for public buildings heated by the TD Thermal Power Corporation
Fig.2  Statistics of actual heat consumption for public buildings heated by the TB Thermal Power Corporation
Fig.3  Frequency distribution histogram of heat consumption per unit area for public buildings
Fig.4  Statistics box-plot for characteristic values of heat consumption per unit area
Research angle of the problem Selection principle of the characteristic value Analysis of advantages and disadvantages Specific heat load/ (kWh•m–2)
Idea 1 For the benefit of heating enterprises, ensure their income after two-part heat tariff reform The generalized mean value of actual heat consumption per unit area (62.61 kWh/m2) It ensures the income of heating enterprises to the greatest extent. But, the payments by different heat users change significantly, which may affect their enthusiasm for heat price policy 63
Idea 2 For the benefit of heat users, reduce the heat costs by 50% in public buildings The median value of actual heat consumption per unit area (72.72 kWh/m2) Heat price policy is supported by half of the heat users who receive a refund, stimulating energy-saving measures in heat users who pay more heat costs 73
Idea 3 For the benefit of heat users, and considering the average heat consumption. The mean value of actual heat consumption per unit area (95.02 kWh/m2) It accounts for the benefits of all heat users, but may cause great reduction in the income of heating enterprises 95
Tab.4  Selection methods and results of specific heat load
Specific heat load (kWh·m−2) Ratio of basic heat price to metering heat price Basic heat price (CNY·m−2) Metering heat price/ (CNY·kWh−1) Metering heat price/ (CNY·GJ−1)a
Scheme 1 63 5:5 20 0.3175 88.18
3:7 12 0.4444 123.46
Scheme 2 73 5:5 20 0.2740 76.10
3:7 12 0.3836 106.54
Scheme 3 95 5:5 20 0.2105 58.48
3:7 12 0.2947 81.87
Tab.5  Heat price schemes for public buildings in Tianjin
Fig.5  Simulated calculations of heat costs for part of the public buildings: basic heat price ratio set to 50%
Year Quantity proportion of public buildings getting refund
Basic heat price ratio 50% Basic heat price ratio 30%
Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3
2008 23.8 42.9 61.9 23.8 42.9 61.9
2009 34.8 39.1 56.5 34.8 39.1 56.5
2010 40.5 54.8 69.0 40.5 54.8 69.0
2011 33.3 47.6 76.2 33.3 47.6 76.2
2012 45.8 58.3 70.8 45.8 58.3 70.8
Average 35.6 48.5 66.9 35.6 48.5 66.9
Tab.6  Proportion of refund of public buildings in each heating season Unit: %
Fig.6  Income changes of heating enterprises in each heating season
Fig.7  Total income changes of heating enterprises
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