|
|
Rare tumors: a blue ocean of investigation |
Shuhang Wang1, Peiwen Ma1, Ning Jiang1, Yale Jiang1, Yue Yu1, Yuan Fang1, Huilei Miao1, Huiyao Huang2, Qiyu Tang1, Dandan Cui1, Hong Fang1, Huishan Zhang2, Qi Fan1, Yuning Wang1, Gang Liu3, Zicheng Yu4, Qi Lei1, Ning Li1() |
1. Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China 2. Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital/Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China 3. Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China 4. GenePlus-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518118, China |
|
|
Abstract Advances in novel drugs, therapies, and genetic techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, substantially improving cancer patients’ prognosis. Although rare tumors account for a non-negligible number, the practice of precision medicine and development of novel therapies are largely hampered by many obstacles. Their low incidence and drastic regional disparities result in the difficulty of informative evidence-based diagnosis and subtyping. Sample exhaustion due to difficulty in diagnosis also leads to a lack of recommended therapeutic strategies in clinical guidelines, insufficient biomarkers for prognosis/efficacy, and inability to identify potential novel therapies in clinical trials. Herein, by reviewing the epidemiological data of Chinese solid tumors and publications defining rare tumors in other areas, we proposed a definition of rare tumor in China, including 515 tumor types with incidences of less than 2.5/100 000 per year. We also summarized the current diagnosis process, treatment recommendations, and global developmental progress of targeted drugs and immunotherapy agents on the status quo. Lastly, we pinpointed the current recommendation chance for patients with rare tumors to be involved in a clinical trial by NCCN. With this informative report, we aimed to raise awareness on the importance of rare tumor investigations and guarantee a bright future for rare tumor patients.
|
Keywords
rare tumors
diagnosis flowchart
treatment strategy
clinical trials recommendation
|
Corresponding Author(s):
Ning Li
|
Just Accepted Date: 17 March 2023
Online First Date: 26 April 2023
Issue Date: 26 May 2023
|
|
1 |
RT Greenlee, MT Goodman, CF Lynch, CE Platz, LA Havener, HL Howe. The occurrence of rare cancers in U. S. adults, 1995–2004. Public Health Rep 2010; 125(1): 28–43
https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491012500106
pmid: 20402194
|
2 |
G Gatta, der Zwan JM van, PG Casali, S Siesling, Tos AP Dei, I Kunkler, R Otter, L Licitra, S Mallone, A Tavilla, A Trama, R; RARECARE working group Capocaccia. Rare cancers are not so rare: the rare cancer burden in Europe. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47(17): 2493–2511
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.08.008
pmid: 22033323
|
3 |
S Wang, R Chen, Y Tang, Y Yu, Y Fang, H Huang, D Wu, H Fang, Y Bai, C Sun, A Yu, Q Fan, D Gu, X Yi, N Li. Comprehensive genomic profiling of rare tumors: routes to targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2020; 10: 536
https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00536
pmid: 32373528
|
4 |
CE DeSantis, JL Kramer, A Jemal. The burden of rare cancers in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67(4): 261–272
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21400
pmid: 28542893
|
5 |
L Giraldi, E Leoncini, R Pastorino, V Wünsch-Filho, Carvalho M de, R Lopez, G Cadoni, D Arzani, L Petrelli, K Matsuo, C Bosetti, Vecchia C La, W Garavello, J Polesel, D Serraino, L Simonato, C Canova, L Richiardi, P Boffetta, M Hashibe, YCA Lee, S Boccia. Alcohol and cigarette consumption predict mortality in patients with head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis within the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) Consortium. Ann Oncol 2017; 28(11): 2843–2851
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx486
pmid: 28945835
|
6 |
PR Mendoza, HE Grossniklaus. The biology of retinoblastoma. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015; 134: 503–516
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.012
pmid: 26310174
|
7 |
G Gatta, R Capocaccia, L Botta, S Mallone, Angelis R De, E Ardanaz, H Comber, N Dimitrova, MK Leinonen, S Siesling, der Zwan JM van, Eycken L Van, O Visser, MP Žakelj, LA Anderson, F Bella, I Kaire, R Otter, CA Stiller, A; RARECAREnet working group Trama. Burden and centralised treatment in Europe of rare tumours: results of RARECAREnet—a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18(8): 1022–1039
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30445-X
pmid: 28687376
|
8 |
S Kato, K Kurasaki, S Ikeda, R Kurzrock. Rare Tumor Clinic: The University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center experience with a precision therapy approach. Oncologist 2018; 23(2): 171–178
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0199
pmid: 29038235
|
9 |
A Sella, M Konichezky, D Flex, A Sulkes, J Baniel. Low PSA metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2000; 38(3): 250–254
https://doi.org/10.1159/000020289
pmid: 10940696
|
10 |
T Shanmugalingam, A Soultati, S Chowdhury, S Rudman, MJ Van Hemelrijck. Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer. Clin Epidemiol 2013; 5: 417
https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S34430
pmid: 24204171
|
11 |
S Mallone, Angelis R De, Der Zwan JM Van, A Trama, S Siesling, G Gatta, R; RARECARE WG Capocaccia. Methodological aspects of estimating rare cancer prevalence in Europe: the experience of the RARECARE project. Cancer Epidermiol 2013; 37(6): 850–856
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2013.08.001
pmid: 24050903
|
12 |
E Ward, C DeSantis, A Robbins, B Kohler, A Jemal. Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64(2): 83–103
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21219
pmid: 24488779
|
13 |
B Burtness, MA Goldwasser, W Flood, B Mattar, A Forastiere. Phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus placebo compared with cisplatin plus cetuximab in metastatic/recurrent head and neck cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(34): 8646–8654
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4646
pmid: 16314626
|
14 |
WE Samlowski, J Moon, JP Kuebler, CR Nichols, DR Gandara, H Ozer, SK Williamson, JN Atkins, DE Schuller, J Ensley. Evaluation of the combination of docetaxel/carboplatin in patients with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): a Southwest Oncology Group Phase II study. Cancer Invest 2007; 25(3): 182–188
https://doi.org/10.1080/07357900701209061
pmid: 17530488
|
15 |
C Jacobs, G Lyman, E Velez-García, KS Sridhar, W Knight, H Hochster, LT Goodnough, JE Mortimer, LH Einhorn, L Schacter. A phase III randomized study comparing cisplatin and fluorouracil as single agents and in combination for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10(2): 257–263
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1992.10.2.257
pmid: 1732427
|
16 |
MK Gibson, Y Li, B Murphy, MH Hussain, RC DeConti, J Ensley, A Forastiere. Randomized phase III evaluation of cisplatin plus fluorouracil versus cisplatin plus paclitaxel in advanced head and neck cancer (E1395): an intergroup trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(15): 3562–3567
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.01.057
pmid: 15908667
|
17 |
J Guigay, J Fayette, A Dillies, C Sire, J Kerger, I Tennevet, J-P Machiels, S Zanetta, Y Pointreau, Moal Le, S Henry, A Schilf, J Bourhis. Cetuximab, docetaxel, and cisplatin as first-line treatment in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter, phase II GORTEC study. Ann Oncol 2015; 26(9): 1941–1947
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv268
pmid: 26109613
|
18 |
RS Herbst, M Arquette, DM Shin, K Dicke, EE Vokes, N Azarnia, WK Hong, M Kies. Phase II multicenter study of the epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab and cisplatin for recurrent and refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(24): 5578–5587
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.07.120
pmid: 16009949
|
19 |
VA Resto, DW Eisele, A Forastiere, M Zahurak, DJ Lee, WH Westra. Esthesioneuroblastoma: the Johns Hopkins experience. Head Neck 2000; 22(6): 550–558
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0347(200009)22:56<550::aid-hed2>3.0.co;2-0
pmid: 10941155
|
20 |
M Hussain, CM Tangen, DL Berry, CS Higano, ED Crawford, G Liu, G Wilding, S Prescott, S Kanaga Sundaram, EJ Small. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2013; 368(14): 1314–1325
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1212299
pmid: 23550669
|
21 |
MR Smith, B Egerdie, NH Toriz, R Feldman, TL Tammela, F Saad, J Heracek, M Szwedowski, C Ke, AJ Kupic. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(8): 745–755
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0809003
pmid: 19671656
|
22 |
F Saad, DM Gleason, R Murray, S Tchekmedyian, P Venner, L Lacombe, JL Chin, JJ Vinholes, JA Goas, B Chen. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cacner Inst 2002; 94(19): 1458–1468
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.19.1458
pmid: 12359855
|
23 |
C Fushimi, Y Tada, H Takahashi, T Nagao, H Ojiri, T Masubuchi, T Matsuki, K Miura, D Kawakita, H Hirai, E Hoshino, S Kamata, T Saotome. A prospective phase II study of combined androgen blockade in patients with androgen receptor-positive metastatic or locally advanced unresectable salivary gland carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2018; 29(4): 979–984
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx771
pmid: 29211833
|
24 |
E Boon, W van Boxtel, J Buter, RJ Baatenburg de Jong, RJ van Es, M Bel, E Fiets, SF Oosting, M Slingerland, A Hoeben, M Tesselaar, M Jonker, U Flucke. Androgen deprivation therapy for androgen receptor-positive advanced salivary duct carcinoma: a nationwide case series of 35 patients in The Netherlands. Head Neck 2018; 40(3): 605–613
https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25035
pmid: 29272069
|
25 |
A Drilon, TW Laetsch, S Kummar, SG DuBois, UN Lassen, GD Demetri, M Nathenson, RC Doebele, AF Farago, AS Pappo. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(8): 731–739
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1714448
pmid: 29466156
|
26 |
R Gosain, S Mukherjee, SS Yendamuri, R Iyer. Management of typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids based on different established guidelines. Cancers 2018; 10(12): 510
https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120510
pmid: 30545054
|
27 |
LM Thorpe, AB Schrock, RL Erlich, VA Miller, J Knost, N Le-Lindqwister, S Jujjavarapu, SM Ali, J Liu. Significant and durable clinical benefit from trastuzumab in 2 patients with HER2-amplified salivary gland cancer and a review of the literature. Head Neck 2017; 39(3): E40–E44
https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24634
pmid: 28006087
|
28 |
ME Caplin, M Pavel, JB Ćwikła, AT Phan, M Raderer, E Sedláčková, G Cadiot, EM Wolin, J Capdevila, LJ Wall. Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(3): 224–233
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1316158
pmid: 25014687
|
29 |
ME Pavel, S Singh, JR Strosberg, L Bubuteishvili-Pacaud, E Degtyarev, MP Neary, C Carnaghi, J Tomasek, E Wolin, M Raderer. Health-related quality of life for everolimus versus placebo in patients with advanced, non-functional, well-differentiated gastrointestinal or lung neuroendocrine tumours (RADIANT-4): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18(10): 1411–1422
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30471-0
pmid: 28838862
|
30 |
J Strosberg, G El-Haddad, E Wolin, A Hendifar, J Yao, B Chasen, E Mittra, PL Kunz, MH Kulke, HJ Jacene. Phase 3 trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2017; 376(2): 125–135
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607427
pmid: 28076709
|
31 |
S Ekeblad, A Sundin, ET Janson, S Welin, D Granberg, H Kindmark, K Dunder, G Kozlovacki, H Örlefors, MJ Sigurd. Temozolomide as monotherapy is effective in treatment of advanced malignant neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13(10): 2986–2991
https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2053
pmid: 17505000
|
32 |
CG Moertel, LK Kvols, MJ O'Connell, JJC Rubin. Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposide and cisplatin. Evidence of major therapeutic activity in the anaplastic variants of these neoplasms. Cancer 1991; 68(2): 227–232
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19970715)68:2<227::aid-cncr2820680202>3.0.co;2-I
pmid: 1712661
|
33 |
A Rossi, M Di Maio, P Chiodini, RM Rudd, H Okamoto, DV Skarlos, M Fruh, W Qian, T Tamura, E Samantas. Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30(14): 1692–1698
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.40.4905
pmid: 22473169
|
34 |
RW Carlson, JK Larsen, J McClure, CL Fitzgerald, AP Venook, AB Benson, BO Anderson. International adaptations of NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014; 12(5): 643–648
https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2014.0068
pmid: 24812133
|
35 |
JC Soria, Y Ohe, J Vansteenkiste, T Reungwetwattana, B Chewaskulyong, KH Lee, A Dechaphunkul, F Imamura, N Nogami, T Kurata, I Okamoto, C Zhou, BC Cho, Y Cheng, EK Cho, PJ Voon, D Planchard, WC Su, JE Gray, SM Lee, R Hodge, M Marotti, Y Rukazenkov, SS; FLAURA Investigators Ramalingam. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(2): 113–125
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1713137
pmid: 29151359
|
36 |
TS Mok, Y Cheng, X Zhou, KH Lee, K Nakagawa, S Niho, M Lee, R Linke, R Rosell, J Corral, MR Migliorino, A Pluzanski, EI Sbar, T Wang, JL White, YL Wu. Improvement in overall survival in a randomized study that compared dacomitinib with gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36(22): 2244–2250
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.78.7994
pmid: 29864379
|
37 |
FA Shepherd, Pereira J Rodrigues, T Ciuleanu, EH Tan, V Hirsh, S Thongprasert, D Campos, S Maoleekoonpiroj, M Smylie, R Martins, Kooten M van, M Dediu, B Findlay, D Tu, D Johnston, A Bezjak, G Clark, P Santabárbara, L; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Seymour. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(2): 123–132
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050753
pmid: 16014882
|
38 |
LV Sequist, JC Yang, N Yamamoto, K O’Byrne, V Hirsh, T Mok, SL Geater, S Orlov, CM Tsai, M Boyer, WC Su, J Bennouna, T Kato, V Gorbunova, KH Lee, R Shah, D Massey, V Zazulina, M Shahidi, M Schuler. Phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31(27): 3327–3334
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.2806
pmid: 23816960
|
39 |
M Maemondo, A Inoue, K Kobayashi, S Sugawara, S Oizumi, H Isobe, A Gemma, M Harada, H Yoshizawa, I Kinoshita, Y Fujita, S Okinaga, H Hirano, K Yoshimori, T Harada, T Ogura, M Ando, H Miyazawa, T Tanaka, Y Saijo, K Hagiwara, S Morita, T; North-East Japan Study Group Nukiwa. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(25): 2380–2388
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909530
pmid: 20573926
|
40 |
S Wang, Y Fang, N Jiang, S Xing, Q Li, R Chen, X Yi, Z Zhang, N Li. Comprehensive genomic profiling of rare tumors in China: routes to immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 631483
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.631483
pmid: 33732253
|
41 |
S Wang, HY Huang, D Wu, H Fang, J Ying, Y Bai, Y Yu, Y Fang, N Jiang, C Sun, A Yu, Q Fan, S Xing, Y Ni, W Zhang, C Wu, X Ji, H Wang, Y Guo, Q Tang, Y Wang, Y Tang, N Li. Platform study of genotyping-guided precision medicine for rare solid tumours: a study protocol for a phase II, non-randomised, 18-month, open-label, multiarm, single-centre clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of multiple Chinese-approved targeted drugs and PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic rare tumours. BMJ Open 2021; 11(6): e044543
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044543
pmid: 34083331
|
42 |
A Drilon, GR Oxnard, DSW Tan, HHF Loong, M Johnson, J Gainor, CE McCoach, O Gautschi, B Besse, BC Cho, N Peled, J Weiss, YJ Kim, Y Ohe, M Nishio, K Park, J Patel, T Seto, T Sakamoto, E Rosen, MH Shah, F Barlesi, PA Cassier, L Bazhenova, F De Braud, E Garralda, V Velcheti, M Satouchi, K Ohashi, NA Pennell, KL Reckamp, GK Dy, J Wolf, B Solomon, G Falchook, K Ebata, M Nguyen, B Nair, EY Zhu, L Yang, X Huang, E Olek, SM Rothenberg, K Goto, V Subbiah. Efficacy of selpercatinib in RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(9): 813–824
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2005653
pmid: 32846060
|
43 |
T Shen, X Pu, L Wang, Z Yu, J Li, Y Zhang, X Liang, H Chen, C Xu, Z Song, W Wang. Association between RET fusions and efficacy of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC in China: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; 21(5): e349–e354
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2020.02.006
pmid: 32143967
|
44 |
P Schöffski, J Sufliarsky, H Gelderblom, JY Blay, SJ Strauss, S Stacchiotti, P Rutkowski, LH Lindner, MG Leahy, A Italiano, N Isambert, M Debiec-Rychter, R Sciot, Cann T Van, S Marréaud, A Nzokirantevye, S Collette, A Wozniak. Crizotinib in patients with advanced, inoperable inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours with and without anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene alterations (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 90101 CREATE): a multicentre, single-drug, prospective, non-randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6(6): 431–441
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30116-4
pmid: 29669701
|
45 |
P Schöffski, M Kubickova, A Wozniak, JY Blay, SJ Strauss, S Stacchiotti, T Switaj, V Bücklein, MG Leahy, A Italiano, N Isambert, M Debiec-Rychter, R Sciot, CJ Lee, FM Speetjens, A Nzokirantevye, A Neven, B Kasper. Long-term efficacy update of crizotinib in patients with advanced, inoperable inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour from EORTC trial 90101 CREATE. Eur J Cancer 2021; 156: 12–23
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.016
pmid: 34392187
|
46 |
A Naing, F Meric-Bernstam, B Stephen, DD Karp, J Hajjar, J Rodon Ahnert, SA Piha-Paul, RR Colen, C Jimenez, KP Raghav, R Ferrarotto, SM Tu, M Campbell, L Wang, SH Sabir, C Tapia, C Bernatchez, M Frumovitz, N Tannir, V Ravi, S Khan, JM Painter, A Abonofal, J Gong, A Alshawa, LM McQuinn, M Xu, S Ahmed, V Subbiah, DS Hong, S Pant, TA Yap, AM Tsimberidou, EEI Dumbrava, F Janku, S Fu, RM Simon, KR Hess, GR Varadhachary, MA Habra. Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced rare cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8(1): e000347
https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000347
pmid: 32188704
|
47 |
HA Tawbi, M Burgess, V Bolejack, Tine BA Van, SM Schuetze, J Hu, S D’Angelo, S Attia, RF Riedel, DA Priebat, S Movva, LE Davis, SH Okuno, DR Reed, J Crowley, LH Butterfield, R Salazar, J Rodriguez-Canales, AJ Lazar, II Wistuba, LH Baker, RG Maki, D Reinke, S Patel. Pembrolizumab in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma (SARC028): a multicentre, two-cohort, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18(11): 1493–1501
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30624-1
pmid: 28988646
|
48 |
V Florou, AE Rosenberg, E Wieder, KV Komanduri, D Kolonias, M Uduman, JC Castle, JS Buell, JC Trent, BA Wilky. Angiosarcoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a case series of seven patients from a single institution. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7(1): 213
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0689-7
pmid: 31395100
|
49 |
CS Hinrichs, SA Rosenberg. Exploiting the curative potential of adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer. Immunol Rev 2014; 257(1): 56–71
https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12132
pmid: 24329789
|
50 |
BA Wilky, MM Trucco, TK Subhawong, V Florou, W Park, D Kwon, ED Wieder, D Kolonias, AE Rosenberg, DA Kerr, E Sfakianaki, M Foley, JR Merchan, KV Komanduri, JC Trent. Axitinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced sarcomas including alveolar soft-part sarcoma: a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20(6): 837–848
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30153-6
pmid: 31078463
|
51 |
HE Barker, CL Scott. Preclinical rare cancer research to inform clinical trial design. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19(9): 481–482
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0172-2
pmid: 31263218
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|