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Design considerations and experimental studies
on semi-active smart pin joint
Yancheng LI, Jianchun LI, Bijan SAMALI, Jiong WANG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 363-370.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0074-1
Hostile dynamic loadings such as severe wind storms, earthquakes, and sudden impacts can cause severe damage to many civil engineering structures. An intelligent structural system equipped with smart structural members that are controllable in real-time is an effective solution to structural damage and failure during such situations. Civil intelligent structures with controllable properties to adapt to any changes due to dynamic loadings can lead to effective protection of structures and their occupants. In this paper, design and testing of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, in which the moment resistance can be controlled in real-time by altering the magnetic field, is reported with the view of using it as a potential candidate for smart members in the development of intelligent structures. Design of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis related to the radius of the rotary plate, the property of MR fluids and the gap between the rotary plate and the casing based on the requirements of the dynamics of MR pin joints. FEM analysis was deployed to study the distribution of the magnetic field along the gap. It is found, from the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, that the MR pin joint with a diameter of 180 mm can produce a torque of up to 30 Nm, which meets requirements for semi-active members in a multi-storey prototype building model in the next stage of research and development.
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Development of electrorheological chip and conducting
polymer-based sensor
Xianzhou ZHANG, Weihua LI, Weijia WEN, Yanzhe WU, Gordon WALLACE,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 393-396.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0043-8
This paper presents the development of an integrated sensor using two types of smart materials: electrorheological (ER) fluids and conducting polymers (CPs). The developed ER chip worked as an actuator, and it was driven by different voltages and control frequencies. When the four electrodes are controlled synchronously, the diaphragm acts as a vibrator whose frequency can be adjusted in accordance with the frequency of the electrical signals. The response signals of the CP sensor were recorded, and its properties were analyzed. Experimental results show that the amplitude decreases monotonically when the frequency increases, owing to the time delay in the pressure buildup in the ER chip. However, the displacement fluctuation of the diaphragm below 20Hz can be detected clearly even if the value is very low. When the vibration frequency is larger than 20Hz, the CP sensor can hardly detect the displacement fluctuation. Thus, the upper limit frequency that the CP sensor can detect is about 20Hz. The practical applications of this microdevice are also discussed.
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Low crosstalk switch unit for dense piezoelectric
sensor networks
Lei QIU, Shenfang YUAN,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 401-406.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0047-4
Structural health monitoring (SHM), on the basis of piezoelectric (PZT) sensors and lamb wave method, is efficient in estimating the state of monitored structures. Furthermore, to monitor large-scale structures, dense piezoelectric sensor networks are required, which usually contain many piezoelectric sensor pairs called actuator-sensor channels. In that case, considering the few data acquisition channels especially in the data acquisition board with a high sampling rate and limited quantity of signal amplifiers used in an integrated computer system, a switch unit is adopted to switch to different channels. Because of the high frequency and power of the lamb wave excitation signal, there exists a crosstalk signal in the switch unit. A large crosstalk signal is mixed into the response signal so that the on/off-line signal processing task is difficult to achieve. This paper first analyzes the crosstalk signal phenomenon, describes its production mechanism, and proposes a method to reduce it. Then a 24-switch channel low crosstalk switch unit based on a digital I/O board PCI7248 produced by Adlink technology is developed. An experiment is implemented to validate it. Its low crosstalk characteristics make it promote the real application of the SHM based active lamb wave method. Finally, a general software program based on LabVIEW software platform is developed to control this switch unit.
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Efficiency characteristics of piezostack pump
for linear actuators
Junwu KAN, Kehong TANG, Chenghui SHAO, Guoren ZHU, Taijiang PENG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 407-414.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0049-2
A piezostack pump for linear actuators is presented and studied in terms of mechanical energy efficiency (MEE), energy conversion efficiency (ECE) and design method. MEE is defined as the ratio of the output mechanical energy to that converted from input electrical energy, and ECE is the ratio of output mechanical energy to input electrical energy. The analysis results show that both MEE and ECE decrease with the increase of stiffness of the chamber diaphragm (ks), which is a function of the radius ratio (rigid disk radius to chamber radius). There is respective optimal external load (Fc) for them to achieve peak value for a given piezostack with blocked force (Fb) and stiffness (ka). The optimal force ratio (Fc/Fb) is a constant of 0.5 for maximum MEE, and between 0.57 and 0.5 for maximum ECE. Considering the deflection of the pump chamber and dynamic response of the piezostack, the stiffness ratio (ks/ka) should be limited between 0.3 and 1, and the relative radius ratio is between 0.7 and 0.8. With the increase of the radius ratio in the range, the maximal MEE decreases from 0.38 to 0.25, and the peak ECE decreases from 0.20 to 0.14.
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Performance investigation on ultrasonic levitation
axial bearing for flywheel storage system
Taijiang PENG, Zhigang YANG, Junwu KAN, Fengjun TIAN, Xiaohong CHE,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 415-419.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0051-8
The bearing is an important basic mechanical part for supporting a shaft. A flywheel storage system needs a type of noncontact support bearing to enhance the speed of the axis. A magnetic suspension bearing is one type of noncontact bearing but has electromagnetic interference to other electric equipment. Based on the performance research of ultrasonic levitation technology, a novel noncontact bearing called ultrasonic bearing is presented, which consists of a special piezoelectric vibrator supporting the load. Experiments are carried out to study the relationships among the amplitude of the vibrator and levitation clearance, the highest speed of the axis, and the frictional moment of the axis. Results show that the levitation clearance becomes smaller gradually with increasing load; the rotation speed is up to 8946 r/min, and the friction moment is only 2.095×10−5 N·m when the levitation clearance is 8.53 μm. The ultrasonic bearing is highlighted because of its simple structure, strong levitation ability, and low friction moment.
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Present situation and classification of piezoelectric
pump
Fang YE, Shouyin WANG, Wei CHENG, Qixiao XIA, Jianhui ZHANG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 420-429.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0052-7
According to the present classification method for a piezoelectric pump, this paper reviews the development and present situation of piezoelectric pumps in the latest 30 years and finally puts forward a new classification. A volumetric piezoelectric pump, which belongs to traditional volumetric pumps, can be divided into a piezoelectric pump with or without valves. A new valveless piezoelectric pump nowadays becomes a hot issue in scientific research. It is constructed by using no-moving-part valves, which can induce positive flow resistance and negative flow resistance different, and in which the inlet and outlet are connected all the time. New forms of piezoelectric pumps, different from traditional ones, are only at the stage of conception and principle, and no practical application has been reported.
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Performance of ionic polymer-metal composite
(IPMC) with different surface roughening methods
Ning JIN, Bangfeng WANG, Kan BIAN, Qi CHEN, Ke XIONG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 430-435.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0053-6
Based on permeation and double chemical reduction technology, this paper researches the manufacture of Pt-ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) and the effect of three types of surface roughening methods on the manufacture and performance of IPMC. The roughening methods include manual polishing, sanding machine polishing, and plasma surface treatment. The appearance and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) features, electro-active deformation and surface resistance characteristics of these IPMC specimens were obtained and compared through specimen tests. The results of the tests indicate that surface roughening technology obviously influences the performance of IPMC. The uniformity and compactness of the metal deposited on the surface and inside the Nafion film are improved by improving surface roughening uniformity. However, the electro-active deformation capability and surface resistance of the specimens decrease at the same time. There is an approximate linear increase relationship between the driving voltage and the bending deformation of the IPMC specimen within a certain voltage range. Under the same specimen dimension, constraints, and driving voltage (3V), the maximum electro-active bending deformation angles of the specimens are about 60°, 45°, and 15° for manual polishing, sanding machine roughening, and plasma treatment, respectively.
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Preparation and performance of soft actuator
based on IPMC with silver electrodes
Qi CHEN, Ke XIONG, Kan BIAN, Ning JIN, Bangfeng WANG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 436-440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0054-5
The surface electrodes of traditional ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) are made of platinum. To reduce the production cost, nonprecious metals such as silver is proposed. A new approach of electroless silver plating based on chemical deposition method is adopted, getting two types of IPMCs, Pt-Ag IPMC, and Ag-Ag IPMC. The microscopic analysis, driving abilities tests, and their surface-electrode resistance analysis show that Ag and Pt particles penetrate inside Nafion membrane with gradient distribution throughout the membrane. The maximum electro-active bending deformation angles of the specimens, which are obtained under the same specimen dimension and constrains, are about 60° for Pt-Pt IPMC and Pt-Ag IPMC and 90° for the Ag-Ag IPMC, respectively, corresponding to the driving voltage of 3 V, 4 V, and 1.5 V. The surface-electrode resistance of Ag-Ag IPMC is the lowest and the most stable, which shows that the proposed approach is valid. The experiments show that the IPMC technology based on the silver electrode is feasible.
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Vibration control efficiency of piezoelectric
shunt damping system
Dan WU, Zhichun YANG, Hao SUN,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 441-446.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0055-4
The piezoelectric shunt damping technique based on the direct piezoelectric effect has been known as a simple, low-lost, lightweight, and easy to implement method for passive damping control of structural vibration. In this technique, a piezoelectric material is used to transform mechanical energy to electrical energy. When applying the piezoelectric shunt damping technique to passively control structural vibration, the piezoelectric materials must be bonded on or embedded in host structure where large strain is induced during vibration, thus to ensure vibrational mechanical energy to be transformed into electrical energy as much as possible. In this paper, the concept of vibration control efficiency of a piezoelectric shunt damping system is proposed and studied theoretically and experimentally. In the study, PZT patches are used as energy converter, and the vibration control efficiency is expressed by the vibration reduction rate per area of the PZT patches. Emphasis is laid on the effect of the generalized electromechanical coupling coefficient K31 on the vibration control efficiency. Four PZT patches with different sizes are bonded on the geometrical central area of four similar clamped aluminum plates, respectively, and vibration control experiments are conducted for these plates using the R-L shunt circuit. The results indicate that the bigger the coupling coefficient K31, the larger the rate of vibration reduction, and hence, the higher the vibration control efficiency. It also shows that the vibration responses of the first mode of the plates bonded with different PZT patches can be reduced by about 30.5%,48.58%,85.47%, and 89.91%, respectively. It comes to a conclusion that the vibration control efficiency of the piezoelectric shunt damping system decreases with the increase of the area of the PZT patch, whereas the vibration reduction of the plate increases with the area of the PZT patch. Therefore, it is necessary to make topology optimization for the PZT patch in the vibration control utilizing the piezoelectric shunt damping technique.
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Extended stochastic resonance (SR) and its applications
in weak mechanical signal processing
Niaoqing HU, Min CHEN, Guojun QIN, Lurui XIA, Zhongyin PAN, Zhanhui FENG,
Front. Mech. Eng.. 2009, 4 (4): 450-461.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0072-3
To catch symptoms of machine failure as early as possible, one of the most important strategies is to apply more progressive techniques during signal processing. This paper presents a method based on stochastic resonance (SR) to detect weak fault signal. First, a discrete model of a bistable system that can demonstrate SR is researched, and the stability condition for controlling the selection of model parameters of the discrete model and guarantee the solving convergence are established. Then, the frequency range of the weak signals that the SR model can detect is extended through a type of normalized scale transformation. Finally, the method is applied to extract the weak characteristic component from heavy noise to indicate the little crack fault in a bearing outer circle.
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