Usage of polymer brushes as substrates of bone cells

doi:10.1007/s11706-009-0035-y

Front Mater Sci Chin

2009, Vol. 3

Issue (2) : 132-144 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-009-0035-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Usage of polymer brushes as substrates of bone cells

Sabine A. LETSCHE¹, Annina M. STEINBACH¹, Manuela PLUNTKE², Othmar MARTI², Anita IGNATIUS³, Dirk VOLKMER¹(

)

1. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; 2. Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; 3. Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 14, D-89081 Ulm, Germany

Download: PDF(433 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Implant medical research and tissue engineering both target the design of novel biomaterials for the improvement of human health and clinical applications. In order to develop improved surface coatings for hard tissue (bone) replacement materials and implant devices, we are developing micropatterned coatings consisting of polymer brushes. These are used as organic templates for the mineralization of calcium phosphate in order to improve adhesion of bone cells. First, we give a short account of the current state-of-the-art in this particular field of biomaterial development, while in the second part the preliminary results of cell culture experiments are presented, in which the biocompatibility of polymer brushes are tested on human mesenchymal stem cells.

Keywords polymer brush ATRP micropatterning bone cell cell adhesion

Corresponding Author(s): VOLKMER Dirk,Email:dirk.volkmer@uni-ulm.de

Issue Date: 05 June 2009

Cite this article:

Sabine A. LETSCHE,Annina M. STEINBACH,Manuela PLUNTKE, et al. Usage of polymer brushes as substrates of bone cells[J]. Front Mater Sci Chin, 2009, 3(2): 132-144.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-009-0035-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2009/V3/I2/132

Fig.1 Topography or chemical structure? Schematic illustration of the substrates, which Charest et al. and Britland et al. used and images of the cells on the chemical and topographic patterns; is a fluorescence micrograph of Charest et al., 2006: The alignment of the osteoblast-like cells along the topographical structure is visible thanks to the DAPI blue nuclei, the chemical structure is arranged at the right angle; shows the results of Britland et al., 1996 as a scanning electron microscope image: here the cell is oriented along the chemical cues, which run across the linear topography at the right angle; images modified after Britland et al., 1996 and Charest et al., 2006 (Reproduced with kind permission from Ref. [], ? 1996 Elsevier and Ref. [], ? 2006 Elsevier)

Fig.2 Transmission electron micrograph showing the orientation of the hydroxyapatite crystals relative to collagen fibrils (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [], ? 2008 American Chemical Society)

Fig.3 Fabrication of micropatterned calcite films: Synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of photolithographically patterned substrates coated with ATRP initiator molecules; Directed deposition of metastable amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and a subsequent transformation of ACC into a micropatterned calcite film by thermal treatment []

Fig.4 Chemical structure of the obtained polymers

Fig.5 Differential interference contrast micrographs of photolithographically patterned PMAA brushes: image of four different pattern sizes; stripe pattern

Fig.6 3D topographic AFM images of patterned polymer brushes with different width of lines and polymers: PSBMA with 40 μm width; PSPMA with 10 μm width; PMAA with 2.5 μm width

Fig.7 Height profiles of patterned PMAA, PSBMA, and PSPMA brushes in air (solid line) and in water (dashed line) determined by AFM

Fig.8 Phase contrast light microscopy images of cell adhesion of patterned PSBMA brushes: hMSC cell culture between the patterned PSBMA brushes (day 4 after seeding), 40-fold magnification; hMSC cells between the PSBMA stripes (day 1 after seeding), 200-fold magnification

1	Ratner B D. The engineering of biomaterials exhibiting recognition and specificity. Journal of Molecular Recognition , 1996, 9: 617-625 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1352(199634/12)9:5/6<617::AID-JMR310>3.0.CO;2-D
2	Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J, . Biomaterials Science: A Multidisciplinary Endeavor. In: Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J, . Biomaterials Science — An Introduction to Materials in Medicine . 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, 1-9
3	Campbell A A, Fryxell G E, Linehan J C, . Surface-induced mineralization: A new method for producing calcium phosphate coatings. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1996, 32: 111-118 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199609)32:1<111::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-P
4	Costa N, Maquis P M. Biomimetic processing of calcium phosphate coating. Medical Engineering & Physics , 1998, 20: 602-606 doi: 10.1016/S1350-4533(98)00056-3
5	Liu L, Zhang L, Ren B, . Preparation and characterization of collagen-hydroxyapatite composite used for bone tissue engineering scaffold. Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology , 2003, 31: 435-448 doi: 10.1081/BIO-120025414
6	James K, Levene H, Parsons J R, . Small changes in polymer chemistry have a large effect on the bone-implant interface: evaluation of a series of degradable tyrosine-derived polycarbonates in bone defects. Biomaterials , 1999, 20: 2203-2212 doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00151-9
7	Crane G M, Ishaug S L, Mikos A. Bone tissue engineering. Nature Medicine , 1991, 1: 1322-1324 doi: 10.1038/nm1295-1322
8	Hench L L. Bioceramics: From concept to clinic. Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 1991, 74: 1487-1510 doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x
9	Schoen F J, Hoffman A S. Implant and Device Failure. In: Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J, . Biomaterials Science — An Introduction to Materials in Medicine . 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, 760-765
10	Yim E K F, Leong K W. Significance of synthetic nanostructures in dictating cellular response. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine , 2005, 1: 10-21 doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2004.11.008
11	Goodman S L, Sims P A, Albrecht R M. Three-dimensional extracellular matrix textured biomaterials. Biomaterials , 1996, 17: 2087-2095 doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)00016-6
12	Zinger O, Zhao G, Schwartz Z, . Differential regulation of osteoblasts by substrate microstructural features. Biomaterials , 2005, 26: 1837-1847 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.035
13	Buser D, Schenk R K, Steinemann S, . Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1991, 25: 889-902 doi: 10.1002/jbm.820250708
14	Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Johansson C, . Experimental study of turned and grit-blasted screw-shaped implants with special emphasis on effects of blasting material and surface topography. Biomaterials , 1996, 17: 15-22 doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)80750-2
15	Li D, Ferguson S J, Beutler T, . Biomechanical comparison of the sandblasted and acid-etched and the machined and acid-etched titanium surface for dental implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 2002, 60: 325-332 doi: 10.1002/jbm.10063
16	Cochran D L, Schenk R K, Lussi A, . Bone response to unloaded and loaded titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: A histometric study in the canine mandible. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1998, 40: 1-11 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199804)40:1<1::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-Q
17	Faghihi S, Zhilyaev A P, Szpunar J A, . Nanostructuring of a titanium material by high-pressure torsion improves pre-osteoblast attachment. Advanced Materials , 2007, 19: 1069-1073 doi: 10.1002/adma.200602276
18	Yoshimoto H, Shin Y M, Terai H, . A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials , 2003, 24: 2077-2082 doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00635-X
19	Jin H-J, Chen J, Karageorgiou V, . Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials , 2004, 25: 1039-1047 doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00609-4
20	Alaerts J A, de Cupere V M, Moser S, . Surface characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) microgrooved for contact guidance of mammalian cells. Biomaterials , 2001, 22: 1635-1642 doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00321-5
21	Britland S, Morgan H, Wojiak-Stodart B, . Synergistic and hierarchical adhesive and topographic guidance of BHK cells. Experimental Cell Research , 1996, 228: 313-325 doi: 10.1006/excr.1996.0331
22	Yu F, Muecklich F, Li P, . Articles from the microsymposium on polymer biomaterials: In vitro cell response to a polymer surface micropatterned by laser interference lithography. Biomacromolecules , 2005, 6: 1160-1167 doi: 10.1021/bm049324w
23	Zahor D, Radko A, Vago R, . Organization of mesenchymal stem cells is controlled by micropatterned silicon substrates. Materials Science and Engineering C , 2007, 27: 117-121 doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.03.005
24	Roach P, Eglin D, Rhode K, . Modern biomaterials: a review — bulk properties and implications of surface modifications. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine , 2007, 18: 1263-1277 doi: 10.1007/s10856-006-0064-3
25	Kasemo B, Gold J. Implant surfaces and interface processes. Advances in Dental Research , 1999, 13: 8-20 doi: 10.1177/08959374990130011901
26	Ratner B D. Background Concepts. In: Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J, . Biomaterials Science — An Introduction to Materials in Medicine . 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, 237-237
27	Keselowsky B G, Collard D M, García A J. Surface chemistry modulates fibronectin conformation and directs integrin binding and specificity to control cell adhesion. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 2003, 66A: 247-259 doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10537
28	Healy K E, Thomas C H, Rezania A, . Kinetics of bone cell organization and mineralization on materials with patterned surface chemistry. Biomaterials , 1996, 17: 195-208 doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85764-4
29	Brock A, Chang E, Ho C-C, . Geometric determinants of directional cell motility revealed using microcontact printing. Langmuir , 2003, 19: 1611-1617 doi: 10.1021/la026394k
30	Tugulu S, Arnold A, Sielaff I, . Protein-functionalized polymer brushes. Biomacromolecules , 2005, 6: 1602-1607 doi: 10.1021/bm050016n
31	Tugulu S, Silacci P, Stergiopulos N, . RGD-functionalized polymer brushes as substrates for the integrin specific adhesion of human umbilical vein andothelial cells. Biomaterials , 2007, 28: 2536-2546 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.006
32	Zapata P, Su J, García A J, . Quantitative high-throughput screening of osteoblast attachment, spreading, and proliferation on demixed polymer blend micropatterns. Biomacromolecules , 2007, 8: 1907-1917 doi: 10.1021/bm061134t
33	Charest J L, Eliason M T, García A J, . Combined microscale mechanical topography and chemical patterns on polymer cell culture substrates. Biomaterials , 2006, 27: 2487-2494 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.022
34	Lu H B, Ma C L, Cui H, . Controlled crystallization of calcium phosphate under stearic acid monolayers. Journal of Crystal Growth , 1995, 155: 120-125 doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(95)00229-4
35	de Groot K, Geesink R, Klein C P A T, . Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1987, 21: 1375-1381 doi: 10.1002/jbm.820211203
36	Thomas K A, Kay J F, Cook S D, . The effect of surface macrotexture and hydroxylapatite coating on the mechanical strengths and histologic profiles of titanium implants materials. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1987, 21: 1395-1414 doi: 10.1002/jbm.820211205
37	de Lange G L, Donath K. Interface between bone tissue and implants of solid hydroxyapatite or hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants. Biomaterials , 1989, 10: 121-125 doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(89)90044-6
38	Ducheyne P, Hench L L, Kagan II A, . Effect of hydroxyapatite impregnation on skeletal bonding of porous coated implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 1980, 14: 225-237 doi: 10.1002/jbm.820140305
39	Yang Y, Kim K-H, Ong J L. A review on calcium phosphate coatings using a sputtering process — an alternative to plasma spraying. Biomaterials , 2005, 26: 327-337 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.029
40	Li F, Feng Q L, Cui F Z, . A simple biomimetic method for calcium phosphate coating. Surface and Coatings Technology , 2002, 154: 88-93 doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01710-8
41	Ter Brugge P J, Wolke J G C, Jansen J A. Effect of calcium phosphate coating crystallinity and implant surface roughness on differentiation of rat bone marrow cells. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 2002, 60: 70-78 doi: 10.1002/jbm.10031
42	Mao C, Li H, Cui F, . The functionalization of titanium with EDTA to induce biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 1999, 9: 2573-2582 doi: 10.1039/a901309a
43	Zeng H, Lacefield W R. XPS, EDX and FTIR analysis of pulsed laser deposited calcium phosphate bioceramic coatings: the elects of various process parameters. Biomaterials , 2000, 21: 23-30 doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00128-3
44	Zhang W, Huang Z-L, Liao S-S, . Nucleation sites of calcium phosphate crystals during collagen mineralization. Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 2003, 86: 1052-1054
45	Boskey A L, Roy R. Cell culture systems for studies of bone and tooth mineralization. Chemical Reviews , 2008, 108: 4716-4733 doi: 10.1021/cr0782473
46	Casse O, Colombani O, Kita-Tokarczyk K, . Calcium phosphate mineralization beneath monolayers of poly(n-butylacrylate)-block-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers. Faraday Discussions , 2008, 139: 1-20 doi: 10.1039/b716353c
47	Suzuki S, Whittaker M R, Gr?ndahl L, . Synthesis of soluble phosphate polymers by RAFT and their in vitro mineralization. Biomacromolecules , 2006, 7: 3178-3187 doi: 10.1021/bm060583q
48	Xu A-W, Ma Y, Coelfen H. Biomimetic mineralization. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 2007, 17: 415-449 doi: 10.1039/b611918m
49	Tsortos A, Nancollas G H. The role of polycarboxylic acids in calcium phosphate mineralization. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 2002, 250: 159-167 doi: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8323
50	Arias J L, Neira-Carrillo A, Arias J I, . Sulfated polymers in biological mineralization: a plausible source for bio-inspired engineering. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 2004, 14: 2154-2160 doi: 10.1039/b401396d
51	Arias J L, Fernández M S. Polysaccharides and proteoglycans in calcium carbonate-based biomineralization. Chemical Reviews , 2008, 108: 4475-4482 doi: 10.1021/cr078269p
52	He G, Gajjeraman S, Schultz D, . Spatially and temporally controlled biomineralization is facilitated by interaction between self-assembled dentin matrix protein 1 and calcium phosphate nuclei in solution. Biochemistry , 2005, 44: 16140-16148 doi: 10.1021/bi051045l
53	Hunter G K, Hauschka P V, Poole A R, . Nucleation and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by mineralized tissue proteins. Biochemical Journal , 1996, 317: 59-64
54	Marsh M E. Polyanion-mediated mineralization-assembly and reoranization of acidic polysaccharides in the Golgi system of a coccolithophorid alga durino mineral deposition. Protoplasma , 1994, 177: 108-122 doi: 10.1007/BF01378985
55	Marsh M E. Polyanion-mediated mineralization — a kinetic analysis of the calcium-carrier hypothesis in the phytoflagellate Pleurochrysis carterae. Protoplasma , 1996, 190: 181-188 doi: 10.1007/BF01281317
56	Aizenberg J, Black A J, Whitesides G M. Oriented growth of calcite controlled by self-assembled monolayers of functionalized alkanethiols supported on gold and silver. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 1999, 121: 4500-4509 doi: 10.1021/ja984254k
57	Aizenberg J, Black A J, Whitesides G M. Control of crystal nucleation by patterned self-assembled monolayers. Nature , 1999, 398: 495-498 doi: 10.1038/19047
58	Politi Y, Arad T, Klein E, . Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase. Science , 2004, 306: 1161-1164 doi: 10.1126/science.1102289
59	Aizenberg J, Muller D A, Grazul J L, . Direct fabrication of large micropattered single crystals. Science , 2003, 299: 1205-1208 doi: 10.1126/science.1079204
60	Volkmer D, Harms M, Gower L, . Morphosynthesis of nacre-type laminated CaCO₃ thin films and coatings. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 2005, 44: 639-644 doi: 10.1002/anie.200461386
61	Amos F F, Sharbaugh D M, Talham D R, . Formation of single-crystalline aragonite tablets/films via an amorphous precursor. Langmuir , 2007, 23: 1988-1994 doi: 10.1021/la061960n
62	Tugulu S, Harms M, Fricke M, . Polymer brushes as Ionotropic matrices for the directed fabrication of microstructured calcite thin films. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 2006, 45: 7458-7461 doi: 10.1002/anie.200602382
63	de Las Heras Alarcón C, Farhan T, Osborne V L, . Bioadhesion at micro-patterned stimuli-responsive polymer brushes. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 2005, 15: 2089-2094 doi: 10.1039/b419142k
64	Senaratne W, Andurzzi L, Ober C K. Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: Current applications and future perspectives. Biomacromolecules , 2005, 6: 2427-2448 doi: 10.1021/bm050180a
65	Konradi R, Ruehe J. Interaction of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes with metal ions: swelling properties. Macromolecules , 2005, 38: 4345-4354 doi: 10.1021/ma0486804
66	Ruehe J, Ballauff M, Biesalski M, . Polyelectrolyte brushes. Advances in Polymer Science , 2004, 165: 79-150
67	Edmondson S, Osborne V L, Huck W T S. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated polymerizations. Chemical Society Reviews , 2004, 33: 14-22 doi: 10.1039/b210143m
68	Prucker O, Konradi R, Schimmel M, . Photochemical strategies for the preparation and microstructuring of densely grafted polymer brushes on planar surfaces. In: Advincula R C, Brittain W J, Caster K C, . Polymer Brushes. Wiley VHC , 2004, 449-469
69	Zhou F, Huck W T S. Surface grafted polymer brushes as ideal building blocks for “smart” surfaces. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics , 2006, 8: 3815-3823 doi: 10.1039/b606415a
70	Barentin C, Muller P, Joanny J F. Polymer brushes formed by end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at the air-water interface. Macromolecules , 1998, 31: 2198-2211 doi: 10.1021/ma971665x
71	Bug A L R, Cates M E, Safran S A, . Theory of size distribution of associating polymer aggregates. I. Spherical aggregates. Journal of Chemical Physics , 1987, 87: 1824-1833 doi: 10.1063/1.453195
72	Pyun J, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of polymer brushes using atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecular Rapid Communications , 2003, 24: 1043-1059 doi: 10.1002/marc.200300078
73	Rowe-Konopacki M D, Boyes S G. Synthesis of surface initiated diblock copolymer brushes from flat silicon substrates utilizing the RAFT polymerization technique. Macromolecules , 2007, 40: 879-888 doi: 10.1021/ma0623340
74	Luzinov I, Minko S, Senkovsky V, . Synthesis and behavior of the polymer covering on a solid surface. 3. Morphology and mechanism of formation of grafted polystyrene layers on the glass surface. Macromolecules , 1998, 31: 3945-3952 doi: 10.1021/ma971413w
75	Matyjaszewski K, Miller P J, Shukla N, . Polymers at interfaces: using atom transfer radical polymerization in the controlled growth of homopolymers and block copolymers from silicon surfaces in the absence of untethered sacrificial initiator. Macromolecules , 1999, 32: 8716-8724 doi: 10.1021/ma991146p
76	Jordan R, Ulman A. Surface initiated living cationic polymerization of 2-oxazolines. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 1998, 120: 243-247 doi: 10.1021/ja973392r
77	Limpoco F T, Advincula R C, Perry S S. Solvent dependent friction force response of polystyrene brushes prepared by surface initiated polymerization. Langmuir , 2007, 23: 12196-12201 doi: 10.1021/la701272a
78	Tugulu S, Barbey R, Harms M, . Synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of sodium methacrylate and their use as substrates for the mineralization of calcium carbonate. Macromolecules , 2007, 40: 168-177 doi: 10.1021/ma060739e
79	Zhou F, Liu S J, Wang B, . Preparation of end grafted polyacrylonitrile brushes through surface confined radical chain transfer reaction. Chinese Chemical Letters , 2003, 14: 47-50
80	Treat N D, Ayres N, Boyes S G, . A facile route to poly(acrylic acid) brushes using atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules , 2006, 39: 26-29 doi: 10.1021/ma052001n
81	Zhao B, Brittain W J. Synthesis of polystyrene brushes on silicate substrates via carbocationic polymerization from self-assembled monolayers. Macromolecules , 2000, 33: 342-348 doi: 10.1021/ma9910181
82	Advincula R, Zhou Q, Park M, . Polymer brushes by living anionic surface initiated polymerization on flat silicon (SiO_x) and gold surfaces: Homopolymers and block copolymers. Langmuir , 2002, 18: 8672-8684 doi: 10.1021/la025962t
83	Buchmeiser M R, Sinner F, Mupa M, . Ring-opening metathesis polymerization for the preparation of surface-grafted polymer supports. Macromolecules , 2000, 33: 32-39 doi: 10.1021/ma9913966
84	Kong B, Lee J K, Choi I S. Surface-initiated, ring-opening metathesis polymerization: Formation of diblock copolymer brushes and solvent-dependent morphological changes. Langmuir , 2007, 23: 6761-6765 doi: 10.1021/la700568j
85	Wang J-S, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled/“living” radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of transition-metal complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 1995, 117: 5614-5615 doi: 10.1021/ja00125a035
86	Matyjaszewski K, Xia J. Atom transfer radical polymerization. Chemical Reviews , 2001, 101: 2921-2990 doi: 10.1021/cr940534g
87	Davis K A, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and preparation of block copolymers. Macromolecules , 2000, 33: 4039-4047 doi: 10.1021/ma991826s
88	Shah R R, Merreceyes D, Husemann M, . Using atom transfer radical polymerization to amplify monolayers of initiators patterned by microcontact printing into polymer brushes for pattern transfer. Macromolecules , 2000, 33: 597-605 doi: 10.1021/ma991264c
89	Prucker O, Schimmel M, Tovar G, . Microstructuring of molecularly thin polymer layers by photolithography. Advanced Materials , 1998, 10: 1073-1077 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199810)10:14<1073::AID-ADMA1073>3.0.CO;2-D
90	Schmelmer U, Jordan R, Geyer W, . Surface-initiated polymerization on self-assembled monolayers: Amplification of patterns on the micrometer and nanometer. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 2003, 42: 559-562 doi: 10.1002/anie.200390161
91	Schmelmer U, Paul A, Kueller A, . Nanostructured polymer brushes. Small , 2007, 3: 459-465 doi: 10.1002/smll.200600528
92	Schaeffler A, Buechler C. Concise review: Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells — basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies. Stem Cells , 2007, 25: 818-827 doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0589
93	Caplan A I. Mesenchymal stem cells. In: Lanza R P. Handbook of Stem Cells . Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2004, 299-308 doi: 10.1016/B978-012436643-5/50118-8
94	Pittenger M F, Mbalaviele G, Black M, . Mesenchymal stem cells. In: Koller M R, Palsson B O, Masters J R W. Human Cell Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2001, 189-207
95	Pittenger M F, Mackay A M, Beck S C, . Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science , 1999, 284: 143-147 doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143
96	Wakitani S, Saito T, Caplan A I. Myogenic cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 5-azacytidine. Muscle and Nerve , 1995, 18: 1417-1426 doi: 10.1002/mus.880181212
97	Masci G, Bontempo D, Tiso N, . Atom transfer radical polymerization of potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate: Direct synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers with methyl methacrylate. Macromolecules , 2004, 37: 4464-4473 doi: 10.1021/ma0497254
98	Azzaroni O, Brown A A, Huck W T S. UCST wetting transitions of polyzwitterionic brushes driven by self-association. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 2006, 45: 1770-1774 doi: 10.1002/anie.200503264
99	Dalsin J L, Messersmith P B. Bioinspired antifouling polymers. Materials Today , 2005, 8: 38-46 doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(05)71079-8
100	Singh N, Cui X, Boland T, . The role of independently variable grafting density and layer thickness of polymer nanolayers on peptide adsorption and cell adhesion. Biomaterials , 2007, 28: 763-771 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.036
101	Tugulu S, Klok H-A. Stability and non-fouling properties of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brushes under cell culture conditions. Biomacromolecules , 2008, 9: 906-912 doi: 10.1021/bm701293g
102	Chen C S, Mrksich M, Huang S, . Geometric control of cell life and death. Science , 1997, 276: 1425-1428 doi: 10.1126/science.276.5317.1425
103	Singhvi R, Kumar A, Lopez G P, . Engineering cell shape and function. Science , 1994, 264: 696-698 doi: 10.1126/science.8171320
104	Cheng G, Zhang Z, Chen S, . Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces. Biomaterials , 2007, 28: 4192-4199 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.041
105	Zhang Z, Chen S, Chang Y, . Surface grafted sulfobetaine polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization as superlow fouling coatings. Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 2006, 110: 10799-10804 doi: 10.1021/jp057266i
106	Feng W, Nieh M-P, Zhu S, . Characterization of protein resistant, grafted methacrylate polymer layers bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) and phosphorylcholine side chains by neutron reflectometry. Biointerphases , 2007, 2: 34-43 doi: 10.1116/1.2711705
107	Chang Y, Chen S, Zhang Z, . Highly protein-resistant coatings from well-defined diblock copolymers containing sulfobetaines. Langmuir , 2006, 22: 2222-2226 doi: 10.1021/la052962v
108	Iwata R, Suk-In P, Hoven V P, . Control of nanobiointerfaces generated from well-defined biomimetic polymer brushes for protein and cell manipulation. Biomacromolecules , 2004, 5: 2308-2314 doi: 10.1021/bm049613k
109	Zhang Z, Chao T, Chen S, . Superlow fouling sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine polymers on glass slides. Langmuir , 2006, 22: 10072-10077 doi: 10.1021/la062175d
110	Zhao G, Schwartz Z, Wieland M, . High surface energy enhances cell response to titanium substrate microstructure. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A , 2005, 74: 49-58 doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30320
111	Mendelsohn J D, Yang S Y, Hiller J A, . Rational design of cytophilic and cytophabic polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films. Biomacromolecules , 2003, 4: 96-106 doi: 10.1021/bm0256101

[1]	Lulu WEI, Beibei LU, Lei LI, Jianning WU, Zhiyong LIU, Xuhong GUO. One-step synthesis and self-assembly behavior of thermo-responsive star-shaped β-cyclodextrin--(P(MEO ₂MA-co-PEGMA))₂₁ copolymers[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2017, 11(3): 223-232.
[2]	Qing-Yuan MENG, Toshihiro AKAIKE. Maintenance and induction of murine embryonic stem cell differentiation using E-cadherin-Fc substrata without colony formation[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2013, 7(1): 51-61.
[3]	Zong-Jian LIU, Yan-Li LIANG, Fang-Fang GENG, Fang LV, Rong-Ji DAI, Yu-Kui ZHANG, Yu-Lin DENG. Preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brush grafted silica particles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization used for aqueous chromatography[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2012, 6(1): 60-68.
[4]	Xi LIU, Ying WANG, Jin HE, Xiu-Mei WANG, Fu-Zhai CUI, Quan-Yuan XU. Various fates of neuronal progenitor cells observed on several different chemical functional groups[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2011, 5(4): 358-366.
[5]	Xian-Kai LIN, Xia FENG, Li CHEN, Yi-Ping ZHAO. Characterization of temperature-sensitive membranes prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization[J]. Front Mater Sci Chin, 2010, 4(4): 345-352.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed