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Frontiers of Materials Science

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Front. Mater. Sci.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (4) : 387-401    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-020-0531-7
REVIEW ARTICLE
Biomineralized and chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: A contrast
Tanya NANDA, Ankita RATHORE, Deepika SHARMA()
Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Sector 64, Mohali 160062, India
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Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have widely been synthesized through chemical processes for biomedical applications over the past few decades. Recently, a new class of MNPs, known as bacterial magnetosomes, has been isolated from magnetotactic bacteria, a natural source. These magnetosomes are magnetite or greigite nanocrystals which are biomineralized in the bacterial cell and provide magnet-like properties to it. Contrary to MNPs, bacterial magnetosomes are biocompatible, lower in toxicity, and can be easily cleared from the body due to the presence of a phospholipid bilayer around them. They also do not demonstrate aggregation, which makes them highly advantageous. In this review, we have provided an in-depth comparative account of bacterial magnetosomes and chemically synthesized MNPs in terms of their synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications. In addition, we have also provided a contrast on how magnetosomes might have the potential to successfully substitute synthetic MNPs in therapeutic and imaging applications.
Keywords bacterial magnetosomes      magnetic nanoparticles      iron nanoparticles      magnetotactic bacteria      magnetosomes     
Corresponding Author(s): Deepika SHARMA   
Online First Date: 24 November 2020    Issue Date: 09 December 2020
 Cite this article:   
Tanya NANDA,Ankita RATHORE,Deepika SHARMA. Biomineralized and chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: A contrast[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(4): 387-401.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-020-0531-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2020/V14/I4/387
Fig.1  Mechanism of top-down and bottom-up approaches for chemical synthesis of MNPs.
Fig.2  Commonly used methods for the bottom-up chemical synthesis of MNPs.
Fig.3  Biomineralization and role of magnetosome membrane proteins in synthesis of BM crystals in MTB (Magnetosome proteins: MamR, MamS, MamT, MamP, MamD, MamF, MamG, MamE (protease dependent), MamC, MamM, MamN, MamO, MamK, MamJ, MamE, MamI, MamL, MamQ, MamB).
Item for comparison BMs MNPs
Physical property Ref. Physical property Ref.
Minimum particle size 10 nm [2] 6 nm [27]
Maximum particle size 250 nm (uncultured coccus) [25] 500 nm [28]
Morphology pleomorphic, pseudorectangular prismatic, tooth-shaped and cubo-octahedral [29] spherical, diamond shaped, hexagonal, parallelogram [30]
Crystal size range 10–60 nm [2] 30–35 nm [31]
Minimum zeta potential (over the complete pH range) −35 mV [32] −48 mV [33]
Maximum zeta potential (over the complete pH range) +10 mV [32] +20 mV [34]
Magnetic behavior ferromagnetic (particles in single magnetic domain range) [5] ferromagnetic [35]
super-paramagnetic (particles lower than single magnetic domain range) [36] super-paramagnetic [37]
Domain classification single magnetic domain particles [2] single domain, multi-domain, super-paramagnetic regime [2]
Nature of magnetization uniform [38] non-uniform [38]
Minimum remanence 10 emu·g−1 [2,7] 0 emu·g−1 [2]
Minimum saturation magnetization 60 emu·g−1 [2,7] 78.2 emu·g−1 [7]
Minimum coercivity 75 Oe [2] 0 Oe [2]
Maximum coercivity 300–450 Oe [39] 98 Oe [7]
Tab.1  Comparison of physical properties of BMs and MNPs [2,5,7,25,27–39]
Cell line BMs MNPs Ref.
Concentration Cell viability decrease Concentration Cell viability decrease
Mouse macrophage cell line (J774) 10–150 μg·mL−1 100%–92.5% 25–200 μg·mL−1, 2 h 100%–75% [55,58]
Mouse fibroblast cells (L-929) 500–4000 μg·mL−1 100% 1000 μg·mL−1 50% [3,59–60]
1300 μg·mL−1 100%
Epithelial, human breast cancer cell line (MDA MB 231) 125 μg·mL−1 3% (no AMF) 574.52 μg·mL-1 (also for Sk Br 3 and MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines) 50% [52,61]
Murine hepatic carcinoma cells (H22)/human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60)/murine mammary carcinoma cells (EMT-6) 0.5–9 μg·mL−1 30%–35% (H22); 40%–50% (HL60); no significant increase or decrease in inhibition ratio – – [62]
Rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC) – – 2–100 μg·mL−1, 2 d 100%–70% [63]
Mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) – – 200 μg·mL−1, 1–4 d dose dependent [64]
Buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A) – – >250 μg·mL−1 100%–50% [65]
Telomerase-immortalized primary human fibroblasts (hTERT-BJ1) – – 0–1000 μg·mL−1, 24 h 25%–50% [66]
Tab.2  Comparison of cytotoxicity profiles of BMs and MNPs in vitro [3,52,55,58–66]
System BMs MNPs Ref.
Concentration Toxicity effects Concentration Toxicity effects
Nude mice 100 μL suspension of 10 mg·mL−1 BM chain complete xenograft breast tumor disappearance 30 d post treatment 100 μL of ~1 mg PEG/citrate coated MNPs no disappearance of xenograft breast tumor after 30 d of treatment [52]
BALB/c mice 480 mg·kg−1 only one mouse died at highest dose of BM 180 mg·kg−1 50% mice died after 4 h of I.V. injection [57]
Holtzman rats – – 2000 μg·mL−1 oral administration no mortality (after 14 d) [73]
Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) 150 μg·mL−1, 48 h no mortality LC50 = 23×10−4 mg·mL−1 (Daphnia magna) extremely sensitive and toxic to iron oxide NPs [55,74]
Tab.3  Comparison of in vivo studies of BMs and MNPs [52,55,57,73–74]
Fig.4  Comparison of properties of MNPs and BMs for applications in biomedicine.
Biomedical application Properties Ref.
BMs MNPs
Magnetic hyperthermia high heating capacity; lower aggregation level lower heating capacity [75–77]
Magnetic resonance imaging high contrast efficiency; better ferromagnetic behavior less ferromagnetic [78–79]
Magnetic drug delivery narrow distribution; biocompatibility and membrane bound form less biocompatible [80]
Magnetic separation small size; biological membrane present no biological membrane present [81–83]
Tab.4  Comparison of nature of BMs and MNPs in biomedical applications [75–83]
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