A review on structures, materials and applications of stretchable electrodes

doi:10.1007/s11706-021-0537-9

Front. Mater. Sci.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (1) : 54-78 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-021-0537-9

REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on structures, materials and applications of stretchable electrodes

Yumeng WANG, Xingsheng LI, Yue HOU, Chengri YIN(

), Zhenxing YIN(

)

Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China

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Abstract

With the rapid development of wearable smart devices, many researchers have carried out in-depth research on the stretchable electrodes. As one of the core components for electronics, the electrode mainly transfers the electrons, which plays an important role in driving the various electrical devices. The key to the research for the stretchable electrode is to maintain the excellent electrical properties or exhibit the regular conductive change when subjected to large tensile deformation. This article outlines the recent progress of stretchable electrodes and gives a comprehensive introduction to the structures, materials, and applications, including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, organic light-emitting diodes, smart sensors, and heaters. The performance comparison of various stretchable electrodes was proposed to clearly show the development challenges in this field. We hope that it can provide a meaningful reference for realizing more sensitive, smart, and low-cost wearable electrical devices in the near future.

Keywords wearable smart electronics stretchable electrodes electrode structures elastic substrates conductive materials

Corresponding Author(s): Chengri YIN,Zhenxing YIN

Online First Date: 22 January 2021 Issue Date: 11 March 2021

Cite this article:

Yumeng WANG,Xingsheng LI,Yue HOU, et al. A review on structures, materials and applications of stretchable electrodes[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(1): 54-78.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-021-0537-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/54

Material	Substrate	Structure	Performance	Application	Ref.
Ag/MoO₃	VHB	ordered-buckling profile	100% stretchability	OLED	[⁵⁰]
Ag NW	Ecoflex	planar structure	up to 400% stretchability	heater	[⁵¹]
	PUA	film	120% stretchability	OLED	[¹²]
	PDMS	film	70% stretchability	sensor	[⁴¹]
CNF	PDMS	planar structure	30% stretchability	sensor	[²⁰]
CNT	Ecoflex	planar structure	900% stretchability	sensor	[²]
	Ecoflex	wavy structure	400% stretchability	heater	[⁵²]
	PDMS	fiber-shaped with bead	125% stretchability	sensor	[⁴⁴]
	PU	helical yarn	1700% stretchability	sensor	[³³]
	VHB	crumpled structure	800% stretchability and specific capacitance of 5 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[⁵³]
CNT@MnO₂	–	wrinkled film structure	150% stretchability and specific capacitance of 478.6 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[⁵⁴]
CNT/PPy	urethane EF core-spun yarns	yarn	80% stretchability and areal capacitance of 69 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[²²]
Cu-core/Ag-shell NW	PU	film	60% stretchability	heater	[⁵⁵]
Ga/In (LMA)	PDMS	microtubular structure	up to 120% stretchability	sensor	[⁴]
Ga/In/Sn (LMA)	Ecoflex/PET	planar structure	30% stretchability	sensor	[⁵⁶]
GNPs	yarn	yarn	up to 150% stretchability	sensor	[¹]
LMO/LTO/CNT	PDMS	buckling structure	400% stretchability and specific capacity of 115 mA·h·g⁻¹	LIB	[⁵⁷]
MnO₂/Au NF	PDMS	planar structure	60% stretchability and areal capacitance of ~3.68 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[¹⁹]
MnO₂ NW/CNT/PPy	–	wavy structure	500% stretchability and specific capacitance of 227.2 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[⁷]
MWCNT/LiMn₂O₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂	PDMS	spring-like structure	600% stretchability and specific capacity of 91.3 mA·h·g^-1	LIB	[⁵⁸]
SWCNT	PDMS	wrinkle structure	100% stretchability	sensor	[⁵⁹]
Ti₃C₂T_x MXene	PU	yarn	152% stretchability	sensor	[²³]
Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/MnO NWs/Ag NW	PDMS	3D honeycomb-like porous structure	50% stretchability and areal capacitance of 216.2 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[⁶⁰]
SWCNT/Ni@NiCoP	spandex textile	rib structure	40% stretchability and areal capacitance of 877.6 mF·cm⁻²	SC	[⁶¹]

Tab.1 Comparison of the performances of stretchable electrodes based on different structures [¹,²,⁴,⁷,¹²,¹⁹–²⁰,²²–²³,³³,⁴¹,⁴⁴,⁵⁰–⁶¹]

Fig.1 (a) The fabrication process of stretchable Ag NW electrodes with embedded structures by the lithographic filtration method. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁷⁵] (Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH). (b) Schematic illustration of the SBS/Ag line pattern fabrication, including cross-sectional TEM images at a different repeated number of precursor printing: once (top) and five times (down). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁷⁶] (Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH).

Fig.2 (a) Schematic drawing of suspended wavy electrode arrays and the relevant strain distribution by the finite element modeling analysis for the suspended wavy structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁸⁰] (Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH). (b) Stress distribution of flat and patterned surfaces of Ag NWs/PEDOT: PSS composite electrodes in the tensile process by finite element modeling analysis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁸³] (Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH). (c) SEM image of the morphology of CNTs/PU helical yarn. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [³³] (Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society). (d) Photographs of the stretchable textile-based printed BFC energy harvester showing 20% stretching. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁸⁶] (Copyright 2018, the Royal Society of Chemistry). (e) Schematic illustration of the device structure of the wavy-FTENG fabrication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [³⁶] (Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH).

Fig.3 (a) Photographs of the urethane elastic fiber core-spun yarns (UYs) and common cotton yarn-based fabrics at original (inserted photos) and stretched state. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [²²] (Copyright 2016, Elsevier). (b) Schematic illustration of textile energy storage device composed of one-body twistron yarn energy harvester and elastic yarn SC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [²⁴] (Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH). (c) Photographs of the elbow sleeve at straight and bent conditions, with the elbow sleeve knitted by using four-ply yarn of MXene/PU composite fiber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [²³] (Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH).

Fig.4 (a) Optical microscopy images of the top and the cross-section of a sandwich strain sensor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁴¹] (Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society). (b) SEM image of the SWCNT/PDMS structure prepared by film deposition onto the as-prepared PDMS at cross-sectional view. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁹] (Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society). (c) Fabrication process of the stretchable heater composed of Ag NW percolation network on PDMS film. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰¹] (Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH). (d) Schematic illustration of the 3D helical fiber synthesis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [³⁴] (Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH). (e) Photograph of a complete stretchable perovskite LED, and the bottom PEDOT:PSS/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite electrode is prepared on a PU substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁵] (Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society). (f) SEM image of the foam composite composed of PU foam, Cu and Ag, with the inset showing the cross-section of CuAg film on PU foam. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁴] (Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH).

Fig.5 (a) Schematic illustration of synthesis of the flexible self-powered strain sensor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁶] (Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH). (b) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of stretchable solar cells, with the inset showing SEM image of cross-section of the solar cell. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁷] (Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH). (c) A composite substrate composed of the Ecoflex film (expressed in red dashed box) and the hard hydrogel layer (expressed in blue dashed box) (left); SEM image of the composite film (middle); the stretchable conductor stretched up to 1780% (right). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹¹⁰] (Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH).

Fig.6 (a) Photographs of a polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell (PLEC) at 14 V under different strain values. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹²] (Copyright 2013, Nature Publishing Group). (b) Demonstration of the transparent hybrid electrode on 3D-MSES. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁹] (Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH). (c) SEM image of stretchable OLEDs with ordered bucking. (d) Photographs of the stretchable OLED based on a 120% pre-strained substrate stretched to 0%, 40%, 80% and 100% at 5 V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁰] (Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group).

Fig.7 (a) The fabricated demonstration of an integrated stretchable SC composed of buckled SWCNT film and PDMS. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹²³] (Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH). (b) Demonstration of the SC with cyclic stability: under the 150% strain, the capacitance retention rate changes with charge–discharge cycles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁴] (Copyright 2015, Elsevier). (c) Illustration of the super-stretchy battery with the multilayer structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁷] (Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH). (d) The fabrication process of the super-stretchy LIB (positive electrode: the MWCNT/LiMn₂O₄ composite fiber; negative electrode: MWCNT/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ composite fiber). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁸] (Copyright 2014, the Royal Society of Chemistry). (e) Schematic diagram of a completed battery under stretching and bending. (f) Photograph of a LIB connected to a LED under biaxially stretching to 300%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [³²] (Copyright 2013, Nature Publishing Group).

Fig.8 (a)(b) Photographs of μ-LED array combined with SWCNT thin film transistor (TFT) under bending and biaxial stretching of 30%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵⁶] (Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH). (c) Photograph of WY and NCRY sensors implanted in a glove to compare their piezoresistive response to bending motions of the index and the middle fingers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹] (Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society). (d) Individual bending of two fingers leads to different sensing signals. (e) The fabrication process of extremely elastic CNT-fiber-based strain sensor by dry-spinning CNT fibers to the Ecoflex substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [²] (Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society).

Fig.9 (a) i: The comparison of the Ag NW-coated gloves (left) and the no heating gloves (right); ii: The comparison of the insulating Ag NW-coated gloves (left) and the IR-radiating gloves (right). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵¹] (Copyright 2017, the Royal Society of Chemistry). (b) Photographs of the heater operation to make the water-boiling. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁵²] (Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH). (c) Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera images of the Ag NW–SWCNT composite SFH under various stretching strains of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% at an applied voltage of 4 V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁴³] (Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH).

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