Sol<strong>‒</strong>gel synthesis, properties and protein loading/delivery capacity of hollow bioactive glass nanospheres with large hollow cavity and mesoporous shell

doi:10.1007/s11706-022-0608-6

Front. Mater. Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 220608 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-022-0608-6

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Sol‒gel synthesis, properties and protein loading/delivery capacity of hollow bioactive glass nanospheres with large hollow cavity and mesoporous shell

Ahmed EL-FIQI(

)

Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt

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Abstract

Hollow nanospheres exhibit unique properties and find a wide interest in several potential applications such as drug delivery. Herein, novel hollow bioactive glass nanospheres (HBGn) with large hollow cavity and large mesopores in their outer shells were synthesized by a simple and facile one-pot ultrasound assisted sol‒gel method using PEG as the core soft-template. Interestingly, the produced HBGn exhibited large hollow cavity with ~43 nm in diameter and mesoporous shell of ~37 nm in thickness and 7 nm pore size along with nanosphere size around 117 nm. XPS confirmed the presence of Si and Ca elements at the surface of the HBGn outer shell. Notably, HBGn showed high protein loading capacity (~570 mg of Cyto c per 1 g of HBGn) in addition to controlled protein release over 5 d. HBGn also demonstrated a good in vitro capability of releasing calcium (Ca²⁺: 170 ppm) and silicate (SiO₄⁴⁻: 78 ppm) ions in an aqueous medium over 2 weeks under physiological-like conditions. Excellent in vitro growth of bone-like hydroxyapatite nanocrystals was exhibited by HBGn during the soaking in SBF. A possible underlying mechanism involving the formation of spherical aggregates (coils) of PEG was proposed for the formation process of HBGn.

Keywords bioactive glass hollow nanosphere hollow cavity mesoporous shell soft-template ultrasound assisted sol‒gel synthesis therapeutic protein delivery

Corresponding Author(s): Ahmed EL-FIQI

Issue Date: 27 June 2022

Cite this article:

Ahmed EL-FIQI. Sol‒gel synthesis, properties and protein loading/delivery capacity of hollow bioactive glass nanospheres with large hollow cavity and mesoporous shell[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(3): 220608.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-022-0608-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/220608

Fig.1 Synthesis process of HBGn: schematic illustration of a facile one-pot ultrasound-mediated sol?gel synthesis process of hollow bioactive glass nanospheres using PEG as the core soft-template.

Fig.2 Microstructure and particle-size analyses: (a)(b) TEM images at low magnification (TEM-SAED pattern revealed by the inset of panel (a) and FE-SEM image shown by the inset of panel (b)); (c)(d) TEM images at high magnification; (e) the particle-size distribution; (f) the hollow cavity-size distribution.

Fig.3 Structure and chemical composition analyses: (a) XRD pattern, (b) ATR-FTIR spectrum, (c) TEM-EDX spectrum, and (d) wide-scan XPS spectrum. High-resolution deconvoluted XPS spectra of (e) Si 2p, (f) O 1s, and (g) Ca 2p core levels. (h) Surface concentrations (atom%) of Si, O, and Ca elements as determined by semi-quantitative XPS.

Fig.4 (a) The hydrodynamic diameter by DLS and (b) the surface ζ-potential by LDE. (c) N₂ adsorption?desorption isotherm, (d) BET-plot, and corresponding NLDFT pore-size distributions in ranges of (e) 2?20 nm and (f) 2?9 nm.

Fig.5 Morphological, compositional and structural analyses on the in vitro bone-like hydroxyapatite formation ability of HBGn: HR-TEM images of HBGn after (a) 1 d, (b) 3 d and (c) 7 d of soaking in SBF along with the corresponding TEM/SAED patterns (insets); TEM/EDX results of HBGn after soaking in SBF for (d) 1 d, (e) 3 d and (f) 7 d; corresponding (g) XRD patterns and (h) ATR-FTIR spectra.

Fig.6 Release profiles of (a) silicate ions (SiO₄^4?) and (b) calcium ions (Ca²⁺). (c) Loading capacity of Cyto c used as a model protein (insets show photos of Cyto c-loaded HBGn) and (d) the Cyto c release profile. (e) Schematic illustration showing a possible underlying mechanism for the formation process of HBGn.

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