Z-scheme mechanism for methylene blue degradation over Fe2O3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite prepared via one-pot exfoliation and magnetization of g-C3N4

doi:10.1007/s11706-022-0612-x

Front. Mater. Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 220612 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-022-0612-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Z-scheme mechanism for methylene blue degradation over Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite prepared via one-pot exfoliation and magnetization of g-C₃N₄

Shemeena MULLAKKATTUTHODI¹, Vijayasree HARIDAS¹, Sankaran SUGUNAN², Binitha N. NARAYANAN^1,³(

)

¹. Department of Chemistry, Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College (Affiliated to University of Calicut) Pattambi, Palakkad 679306, Kerala, India
². Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 22, Kerala, India
³. Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala 673635, India

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Abstract

The low surface area, high recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers, narrow visible range activity, and difficulty in the separation from cleaned solutions limit the wide application of g-C₃N₄ as a photocatalyst. Herein, we have succeeded in developing a one-pot strategy to overcome the above-mentioned difficulties of g-C₃N₄. The broadening of the visible-light response range and inducing magnetic nature to g-C₃N₄ was succeeded by preparing a nanocomposite with Fe₂O₃ via a facile solvothermal method. The preparation method additionally imparted layer exfoliation of g-C₃N₄ as evident from the XRD patterns and TEM images. The strong interaction between the components is revealed from the XPS analysis. The broadened visible-light absorbance of Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ with a Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation mechanism is well evident from the UV‒Vis DRS analysis and PL measurement of the composite with terephthalic acid. The active species of photocatalysis were further investigated using scavenging studies in methylene blue degradation that revealed hydroxyl radicals and holes as the major contributors to the activity of Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Keywords Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite Z-scheme photocatalysis magnetic separation dye degradation

Corresponding Author(s): Binitha N. NARAYANAN

Issue Date: 28 July 2022

Cite this article:

Shemeena MULLAKKATTUTHODI,Vijayasree HARIDAS,Sankaran SUGUNAN, et al. Z-scheme mechanism for methylene blue degradation over Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite prepared via one-pot exfoliation and magnetization of g-C₃N₄[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(3): 220612.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-022-0612-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/220612

Fig.1 XRD patterns of bulk g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄-HT, Fe₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Fig.2 FTIR spectra of g-C₃N₄-HT (a), Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ (b), and Fe₂O₃ (c).

Fig.3 Raman spectra of (a) Fe₂O₃, (b) bulk g-C₃N₄, (c) g-C₃N₄-HT, and (d) Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Fig.4 XPS results of the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite: (a) wide-angle survey spectrum; (b) C 1s, (c) N 1s, (d) O 1s, and (e) Fe 2p deconvoluted spectra.

Fig.5 (a) UV?Vis DRS results and (b) Kubelka?Munk plots of Fe₂O₃, g-C₃N₄-HT, and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Fig.6 Possible band structures of g-C₃N₄-HT and Fe₂O₃.

Fig.7 SEM images of (a) Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄, (b) Fe₂O₃, and (c) g-C₃N₄-HT.

Fig.8 (a)(d) TEM, (b)(e) HRTEM, and (c)(f) SAED images of the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite (upper panels) and Fe₂O₃ (lower panels).

Fig.9 PL spectra of bulk g-C₃N₄ (a), g-C₃N₄-HT (b), and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ (c).

Fig.10 EIS results of Fe₂O₃, g-C₃N₄-HT, and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Fig.11 VSM hysteresis loops of Fe₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄.

Fig.12 Variations of the degradation of MB with (a) the volume of MB solution, (b) the mass of photocatalyst, (c) the concentration of MB solution on the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite, and (d) the pH of MB solution under sunlight.

Fig.13 Comparison of photocatalytic activities of Fe₂O₃, g-C₃N₄-HT, and Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ (reaction conditions: 0.15 g photocatalyst, 75 mL of the 5 mg·L^?1 MB solution, 30 min, and under sunlight).

Fig.14 Scavenging studies in the MB photodegradation using the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite.

Fig.15 PL spectra for the TAOH formation over the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite for 15 min (a), 30 min (b), and 50 min (c).

Fig.16 Representation of the photocatalytic Z-scheme mechanism.

Fig.17 Recyclability studies of the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite (reaction conditions: 0.15 g photocatalyst, 75 mL of the 5 mg·L^?1 MB solution, time of 1 h, and under sunlight irradiation).

Fig.18 FTIR results of the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite: fresh before the photodegradation (a); after the photodegradation (b).

Tab.1 Comparison of the MB degradation

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[1]	Bin ZHANG,Chen LIU,Weiping KONG,Chenze QI. Magnetic motive, ordered mesoporous carbons with partially graphitized framework and controllable surface wettability: preparation, characterization and their selective adsorption of organic pollutants in water[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2016, 10(2): 147-156.

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