Because quantum critical systems are very sensitive to the variation of parameters around the quantum phase transition (QPT), quantum criticality has been presented as an efficient resource for metrology. In this paper, we address the issue whether the divergent feature of the inverted variance is realizable in the presence of noise when approaching the QPT. Taking the quantum Rabi model (QRM) as an example, we obtain the analytical result for the inverted variance with single-photon relaxation. We show that the inverted variance may be convergent in time due to the noise. Since the precision of the metrology is very sensitive to the noise, as a remedy, we propose squeezing the initial state to improve the precision under decoherence. In addition, we also investigate the criticality-based metrology under the influence of the two-photon relaxation. Strikingly, although the maximum inverted variance still manifests a power-law dependence on the energy gap, the exponent is positive and depends on the dimensionless coupling strength. This observation implies that the criticality may not enhance but weaken the precision in the presence of two-photon relaxation, due to the non-linearity introduced by the two-photon relaxation.
L. Heugel T. , Biondi M. , Zilberberg O. , Chitra R. . Quantum transducer using a parametric driven-dissipative phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019, 123(17): 173601 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.173601
M. Rams M. , Sierant P. , Dutta O. , Horodecki P. , Zakrzewski J. . At the limits of criticality-based quantum metrology: Apparent super-Heisenberg scaling revisited. Phys. Rev. X, 2018, 8(2): 021022 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021022
4
Garbe L. , Bina M. , Keller A. , G. A. Paris M. , Felicetti S. . Critical quantum metrology with a finite-component quantum phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020, 124(12): 120504 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.120504
Ilias T. , Yang D. , F. Huelga S. , B. Plenio M. . Criticality-enhanced quantum sensing via continuous measurement. PRX Quantum, 2022, 3(1): 010354 https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.010354
7
Zanardi P. , G. A. Paris M. , C. Venuti L. . Quantum criticality as a resource for quantum estimation. Phys. Rev. A, 2008, 78(4): 042105 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.042105
Fernández-Lorenzo S. , Porras D. . Quantum sensing close to a dissipative phase transition: Symmetry breaking and criticality as metrological resources. Phys. Rev. A, 2017, 96(1): 013817 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.96.013817
10
Gietka K. , Metz F. , Keller T. , Li J. . Adiabatic critical quantum metrology cannot reach the Heisenberg limit even when shortcuts to adiabaticity are applied. Quantum, 2021, 5: 489 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-07-01-489
11
Y. Lü X. , M. Zhang W. , Ashhab S. , Wu Y. , Nori F. . Quantum-criticality-induced strong Kerr nonlinearities in optomechanical systems. Sci. Rep., 2013, 3(1): 2943 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02943
12
Sachdev S., Quantum Phase Transitions, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2011
13
T. Quan H. , Song Z. , F. Liu X. , Zanardi P. , P. Sun C. . Decay of Loschmidt echo enhanced by quantum criticality. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 96(14): 140604 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.140604
14
Ai Q. , D. Wang Y. , L. Long G. , P. Sun C. . Two mode photon bunching effect as witness of quantum criticality in circuit QED. Sci. China Ser. G, 2009, 52(12): 1898 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0274-z
15
S. Pang S. , N. Jordan A. . Optimal adaptive control for quantum metrology with time-dependent Hamiltonians. Nat. Commun., 2017, 8(1): 14695 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14695
O. Scully M.S. Zubairy M., Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1997
18
J. Hwang M. , Puebla R. , B. Plenio M. . Quantum phase transition and universal dynamics in the Rabi model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2015, 115(18): 180404 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.180404
19
Puebla R. , J. Hwang M. , Casanova J. , B. Plenio M. . Probing the dynamics of a superradiant quantum phase transition with a single trapped ion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 118(7): 073001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.073001
20
S. Pedernales J. , Lizuain I. , Felicetti S. , Romero G. , Lamata L. , Solano E. . Quantum Rabi model with trapped ions. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5(1): 15472 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15472
21
Lv D. , An S. , Liu Z. , N. Zhang J. , S. Pedernales J. , Lamata L. , Solano E. , Kim K. . Quantum simulation of the quantum Rabi model in a trapped ion. Phys. Rev. X, 2018, 8(2): 021027 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021027
22
Frisk Kockum A. , Miranowicz A. , De Liberato S. , Savasta S. , Nori F. . Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter. Nat. Rev. Phys., 2019, 1(1): 19 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-018-0006-2
23
Salmon W. , Gustin C. , Settineri A. , Di Stefano O. , Zueco D. , Savasta S. , Nori F. , Hughes S. . Gauge-independent emission spectra and quantum correlations in the ultrastrong coupling regime of open system cavity-QED. Nanophotonics, 2022, 11(8): 1573 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0718
24
Hughes S. , Settineri A. , Savasta S. , Nori F. . Resonant Raman scattering of single molecules under simultaneous strong cavity coupling and ultrastrong optomechanical coupling in plasmonic resonators: Phonon-dressed polaritons. Phys. Rev. B, 2021, 104(4): 045431 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.045431
25
Mercurio A. , Macrì V. , Gustin C. , Hughes S. , Savasta S. , Nori F. . Regimes of cavity QED under incoherent excitation: From weak to deep strong coupling. Phys. Rev. Res., 2022, 4(2): 023048 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.023048
26
H. Chen Y. , Miranowicz A. , Chen X. , Xia Y. , Nori F. . Enhanced-fidelity ultrafast geometric quantum computation using strong classical drives. Phys. Rev. Appl., 2022, 18(6): 064059 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.064059
27
Macrì V. , Mercurio A. , Nori F. , Savasta S. , Sánchez Muñoz C. . Spontaneous scattering of Raman photons from cavity-QED systems in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2022, 129(27): 273602 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.273602
28
J. Zhang D. , M. Tong D. . Approaching Heisenberg scalable thermometry with built-in robustness against noise. npj Quantum Inf., 2022, 8: 81 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-022-00588-2
29
F. Huelga S. , Macchiavello C. , Pellizzari T. , K. Ekert A. , B. Plenio M. , I. Cirac J. . Improvement of frequency standards with quantum entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1997, 79(20): 3865 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3865
P. Liu Z. , Zhang J. , K. Özdemir Ş. , Peng B. , Jing H. , Y. Lü X. , W. Li C. , Yang L. , Nori F. , Liu Y. . Metrology with PT-symmetric cavities: Enhanced sensitivity near the PT-phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2016, 117(11): 110802 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.110802
33
Xu K. , R. Zhang Y. , H. Sun Z. , Li H. , Song P. , Xiang Z. , Huang K. , Li H. , H. Shi Y. , T. Chen C. , Song X. , Zheng D. , Nori F. , Wang H. , Fan H. . Metrological characterization of non-Gaussian entangled states of superconducting qubits. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2022, 128(15): 150501 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.150501
Matsuzaki Y. , C. Benjamin S. , Fitzsimons J. . Magnetic field sensing beyond the standard quantum limit under the effect of decoherence. Phys. Rev. A, 2011, 84(1): 012103 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.012103
36
Ai Q. , Li Y. , Zheng H. , P. Sun C. . Quantum anti-Zeno effect without rotating wave approximation. Phys. Rev. A, 2010, 81(4): 042116 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042116
37
Ai Q. , Xu D. , Yi S. , G. Kofman A. , P. Sun C. , Nori F. . Quantum anti-zeno effect without wave function reduction. Sci. Rep., 2013, 3(1): 1752 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01752
38
M. Harrington P. , T. Monroe J. , W. Murch K. . Quantum Zeno effects from measurement controlled qubit-bath interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 118(24): 240401 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.240401
39
Y. Long X. , T. He W. , N. Zhang N. , Tang K. , D. Lin Z. , F. Liu H. , F. Nie X. , R. Feng G. , Li J. , Xin T. , Ai Q. , W. Lu D. . Entanglement-enhanced quantum metrology in colored noise by quantum Zeno effect. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2022, 129(7): 070502 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.070502
N. Zhang N. , J. Tao M. , T. He W. , Y. Chen X. , Y. Kong X. , G. Deng F. , Lambert N. , Ai Q. . Efficient quantum simulation of open quantum dynamics at various Hamiltonians and spectral densities. Front. Phys., 2021, 16(5): 51501 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-021-1064-y
43
X. Wang B. , J. Tao M. , Ai Q. , Xin T. , Lambert N. , Ruan D. , C. Cheng Y. , Nori F. , G. Deng F. , L. Long G. . Efficient quantum simulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. npj Quantum Inf., 2018, 4: 52 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-018-0102-2
44
Y. Chen X. , N. Zhang N. , T. He W. , Y. Kong X. , J. Tao M. , G. Deng F. , Ai Q. , L. Long G. . Global correlation and local information flows in controllable non-Markovian open quantum dynamics. npj Quantum Inf., 2022, 8: 22 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-022-00537-z
45
N. Lu Y. , R. Zhang Y. , Q. Liu G. , Nori F. , Fan H. , Y. Pan X. . Observing information backflow from controllable non-Markovian multichannels in diamond. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020, 124(21): 210502 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.210502
46
Leghtas Z. , Touzard S. , M. Pop I. , Kou A. , Vlastakis B. , Petrenko A. , M. Sliwa K. , Narla A. , Shankar S. , J. Hatridge M. , Reagor M. , Frunzio L. , J. Schoelkopf R. , Mirrahimi M. , H. Devoret M. . Confining the state of light to a quantum manifold by engineered two-photon loss. Science, 2015, 347(6224): 853 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2085
R. Schrieffer J. , A. Wolff P. . Relation between the Anderson and Kondo Hamiltonians. Phys. Rev., 1966, 149(2): 491 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.149.491
50
P. Breuer H.Petruccione F., The Theory of Open Quantum Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002
51
R. Johansson J. , D. Nation P. , Nori F. . QuTiP: An open-source python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems. Comput. Phys. Commun., 2012, 183(8): 1760 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2012.02.021
52
J. Carmichael H., An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics, Berlin: Spring, 1993
53
W. Gardiner C.Zoller P., Quantum Noise: A Handbook of Markovian and Non-Markovian Quantum Stochastic Methods with Applications to Quantum Optics, Berlin: Springer, 2004
54
J. Hwang M. , Rabl P. , B. Plenio M. . Dissipative phase transition in the open quantum Rabi model. Phys. Rev. A, 2018, 97(1): 013825 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.97.013825
55
Ai Q. , B. Li P. , Qin W. , X. Zhao J. , P. Sun C. , Nori F. . The NV netamaterial: Tunable quantum hyper-bolic metamaterial using nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. Phys. Rev. B, 2021, 104(1): 014109 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.014109
56
Dong H. , Z. Xu D. , F. Huang J. , P. Sun C. . Coherent excitation transfer via the dark-state channel in a bionic system. Light Sci. Appl., 2012, 1(3): e2 https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2012.2