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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

ISSN 2095-2430

ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

CN 10-1023/X

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (6) : 1379-1392    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0562-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Predicting resilient modulus of recycled concrete and clay masonry blends for pavement applications using soft computing techniques
Mosbeh R. KALOOP1,2,3, Alaa R. GABR3, Sherif M. EL-BADAWY3, Ali ARISHA3, Sayed SHWALLY3, Jong Wan HU1,2()
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
2. Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
3. Department of Public Works and Civil Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Abstract

To date, very few researchers employed the Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) in predicting the resilient modulus (Mr) of Unbound Granular Materials (UGMs). This paper focused on the development of a LSSVM model to predict the Mr of recycled materials for pavement applications and comparison with other different models such as Regression, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Blends of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) with Recycled Clay Masonry (RCM) with proportions of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 55/45, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100 by the total aggregate mass were evaluated for use as UGMs. RCA/RCM materials were collected from dumps on the sides of roads around Mansoura city, Egypt. The investigated blends were evaluated experimentally by routine and advanced tests and the Mr values were determined by Repeated Load Triaxial Test (RLTT). Regression, ANN, and LSSVM models were utilized and compared in predicting the Mr of the investigated blends optimizing the best design model. Results showed that the Mr values of the investigated RCA/RCM blends were generally increased with the decrease in RCM proportion. Statistical analyses were utilized for evaluating the performance of the developed models and the inputs sensitivity parameters. Eventually, the results approved that the LSSVM model can be used as a novel tool to estimate the Mr of the investigated RCA/RCM blends.
Keywords Least Square Support Vector Machine      Artificial Neural Network      resilient modulus      Recycled Concrete Aggregate      Recycled Clay Masonry     
Corresponding Author(s): Jong Wan HU   
Just Accepted Date: 16 July 2019   Online First Date: 16 September 2019    Issue Date: 21 November 2019
 Cite this article:   
Mosbeh R. KALOOP,Alaa R. GABR,Sherif M. EL-BADAWY, et al. Predicting resilient modulus of recycled concrete and clay masonry blends for pavement applications using soft computing techniques[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(6): 1379-1392.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-019-0562-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2019/V13/I6/1379
Fig.1  Crushing of RCA/RCM materials [30]. (a) RCA before crushing; (b) RCM before crushing; (c) RCA after crushing; (d) RCM after crushing.
Fig.2  Particle size distribution for investigated blends. Reprinted from Procedia Engineering, 143, Ali Arisha, Alaa Gabr, Sherif El- Badawy, Sayed Shwally, Using Blends of Construction & Demolition Waste Materials and Recycled Clay Masonry Brick in Pavement, 8, Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier.
Fig.3  Training and testing datasets. (a) Training dataset; (b) testing dataset.
data set item RCM (%) θPa τPa Mr (MPa)
training data set max 100.00 6.619 1.170 527.80
min 0.00 0.807 0.088 114.95
mean 43.13 3.283 0.473 296.41
SD 32.86 1.681 0.290 106.95
testing data set max 100.00 6.619 1.170 475.00
min 0.00 0.807 0.088 101.95
mean 43.13 3.072 0.431 285.83
SD 33.209 1.887 0.287 102.849
Tab.1  Statistical analysis for the training and testing data sets
Fig.4  (a) ANN and (b) LSSVM models’ diagram.
Fig.5  Flowchart of stages processing for modeling Mr.
property test result
material (RCA/RCM) 100/0 90/10 80/20 70/30 55/45 40/60 20/80 0/100
OMC 12.7% 14.4% 13.5% 14.3% 11.5% 12.4% 10.1% 10.8%
MDD (t/m3) 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.82 1.84 1.84 1.78 1.75
liquid limit 25% – – – – – – 26%
plasticity index NP* – – – – – – NP*
AASHTO classification A-1-a A-1-a
CBR 152.9% 128.7% 114.5% 114.5% 119.4% 114.5% 69.5% 76.6%
LAA 47.2% – – – – – – 83.8%
pH 9.1 – – – – – – 8.8
K (m/s) 1.8E–08 – – – 7.7E–09 – – 1.5E–07
water absorption 0.80% – – – – – – 7.20%
specific gravity (Gs) 2.30 – – – – – – 2.03
apparent cohesion, c, (kPa) 12.4 25.8 56.8 89.2 80.3 24.0 50.9 43.1
friction Angle, f 58.4 55.6 52.7 48.8 53.2 59.7 50.4 52.7
Mr
(Eq. (1))		 K1 2.29±0.270 1.85±0.437 1.62±0.325 1.50±0.033 2.31±0.251 1.34±0.099 1.15±0.090 1.45±0.086
K2 0.49±0.037 0.53±0.163 0.59±0.121 0.57±0.018 0.48±0.027 0.19±0.011 0.37±0.032 0.57±0.007
K3 -0.134±0.004 -0.09±0.031 -0.099±0.019 -0.056±0.001 -0.124±0.028 1.073±0.003 0.548±0.005 -0.194±0.001
R2 0.974 0.981 0.976 0.975 0.975 0.96 0.972 0.981
Tab.2  Summary of the engineering properties of RCA/RCM blends [35]
mineral phase original RCA RCA after mixing original RCM RCM after mixing
Quartz 39% 37.6% 64.8% 55.4%
Dolomite 27.8% 31.2% - -
Calcite 22.3% 14.4% - -
Albite 10.9% - 19.4% 17.6%
Microcline - 16.8% 9.7% 23.4%
Hematite - - 6.1% 3.6%
Tab.3  XRD results for RCA and RCM before and after mixing
Fig.6  XRD analysis for (a) RCA and (b) RCM sample after mixing Reprinted from Ref. [35] with permission from Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.
Fig.7  Sensitivity analysis of input parameters.
No. of neurons 4 8 10 15 20
R2 0.819 0.839 0.901 0.910 0.915
RMSE (MPa) 45.279 42.646 33.429 31.913 30.951
Tab.4  Statistics measures for the number of ANN hidden neurons
Fig.8  (a) MSE model validation and (b) Input-Hidden and Hidden-output weights values.
Fig.9  LSSVM model design (a) α value, (b) training 95% error band.
model training set testing set
R2 RMSE (MPa) MAE (MPa) E R2 RMSE (MPa) MAE (MPa) E
Reg. 0.817 45.715 31.915 0.644 0.868 38.770 25.988 0.699
ANN 0.901 33.429 24.888 0.722 0.887 34.805 27.297 0.685
LSSVM 0.848 41.473 32.744 0.635 0.982 13.768 10.555 0.878
Tab.5  Statistics measures of the three prediction models for the training and testing data sets
Fig.10  Predicted versus measured Mr for RCA/RCM blends, Regression, ANN, and LSSVM fit for training (left) and testing (right) data sets: (a) Regression; (b) ANN; (c) LSSVM.
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