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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (1) : 82-93    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0575-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comparative study on foundation treatment methods of immersed tunnels in China
Shaochun WANG, Xuehui ZHANG(), Yun BAI
Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Abstract

Based on engineering practices of four typical traffic immersed tunnels built in China, this paper details the features of the four dominant foundation treatment methods for immersed tunnel construction: pile foundation, sand flow foundation, grouting foundation, and gravel bedding foundation. Subsoil stress time-history of different method are specified first, plus a summary of settlement assessment method for foundation quality control. Further, a comprehensive comparison of settlement and cost of these four foundation treatment methods is conducted to highlights the specific merits, disadvantages and conditions encountered in each foundation treatment method, based on real projects information. The findings of this article could henceforth be applied to foundation treatment work in immersed tube tunnel construction.
Keywords foundation treatment method      immersed tunnel      subsoil stress      settlement     
Corresponding Author(s): Xuehui ZHANG   
Just Accepted Date: 27 August 2019   Online First Date: 23 September 2019    Issue Date: 21 February 2020
 Cite this article:   
Shaochun WANG,Xuehui ZHANG,Yun BAI. Comparative study on foundation treatment methods of immersed tunnels in China[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 82-93.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-019-0575-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/82
Fig.1  Overview of built immersed tunnels in China.
number project length (m) elements foundation treatment
1 HZMB Tunnel 5990 33 gravel bed and pile
2 Zhujiang Tunnel 457 5 sand flow
3 Yongjiang Tunnel 420 5 grouting
4 Changhong Tunnel 395 4 pile and grouting
5 Outer Ring Tunnel 736 7 sand flow
6 Zhoutouzui Tunnel 340 4 sand flow
7 Haihe Tunnel 255 4 grouting and gravel bed
8 Shenjiamen Harbor Tunnel 218 3 grouting
9 Luntou-Shengwudao Tunnel 277 4 sand flow
10 Shengwudao-Daxuecheng Tunnel 214 3 sand flow
11 Foshan Immersed Tunnel 445 4 sand flow
Tab.1  Foundation treatment method of built immersed tunnels in China
method advantages and applications disadvantages
pile foundation small settlement even in soft foundation and high siltation conditions
reduce uneven settlement when stiffness of the subsoil varied considerably along the tunnel line
reduce settlement under the long-term vibration situation caused by large dynamic load		 high cost
difficult to adjust the pile heads to the same level
sand flow no interference with navigation
immune to the hydrogeology and meteorology
lower requirement of the sand particle size compared to sand jetting method		 strict restriction with siltation
lifting of elements caused by high water pressure
grouting
foundation		 no interference with navigation
immune to the hydrogeology and meteorology
simple equipment with small investment
easier to control grouting pressure and amount than sand flow method
can be used in earthquake risky area		 high requirement of mortar properties
require real-time inspection of the grouting status
gravel bedding no damage to concrete elements
need no temporary supports in the trench
smaller level tolerance can be achieved on the bed
can be used in earthquake risky area		 interfere with navigation
high requirement and large investment in the equipment fabrication
strict construction precision
Tab.2  Method comparison
Fig.2  Subsoil stress time-history during immersed tunnel construction.
Fig.3  e-logp plot for compression analysis of over-consolidated soil.
Fig.4  Cross-section of Shanghai Outer Ring Tunnel (unit: mm).
Fig.5  Geotechnical and geomorphic profile of Shanghai Outer Ring Tunnel.
Fig.6  (a) Sand filling ship; (b) construction of pre-embeded pipelines.
parameters values
pump power 37 kW
motor rotation speed 100–1375 m/s
injection rate 5 m3/s
diameter of pipe at entrance 8 inch
diameter of pipe at exit 6 inch
sand: water ratio 1:9–1:8
sand: cement clinker ratio 1:0.05
radius of sand deposit (minimum) 7.5 m
Tab.3  Values of construction parameters
Fig.7  Accumulated settlement measured from north hole points (compared with original data in October 2003).
Fig.8  Geotechnical and geomorphic profile of Ningbo Changhong Tunnel.
Fig.9  (a) General foundation treatment design of Changhong Tunnel; (b) sketch of grouting bag method.
element 1 2 3 4
accumulated settlements left-6.2 left-6.7 left-4.3 left-5.1
from September 2006 to October 2009 (mm) right-5.8 right-3.0 right-2.3 right-2.9
Tab.4  Accumulated settlements of Changhong Tunnel
Fig.10  Geotechnical and geomorphic profile of Ningbo Yongjiang Tunnel.
Fig.11  Foundation treatment design of Ningbo Yongjiang Tunnel.
Fig.12  Curves of settlements of sections of Yongjiang Tunnel (Data based on Ref. [11].).
Fig.13  Geotechnical and geomorphic profile of HZMB Immersed Tunnel.
section western island section western slope section middle section eastern slope section eastern island section
elements open and buried section E33-E30/S4 E30/S4-E6/S2 E6/S2-E1 open and buried section
treatment method PHC pile and HJG pile composite foundation SCP composite foundation gravel bedding foundation SCP composite foundation PHC pile and HJG pile composite foundation
Tab.5  Foundation treatment method of different sections of HZMB Immersed Tunnel
Fig.14  (a) Geometry design of gravel bedding foundation (unit: mm); (b) construction of gravel bedding foundation.
project Outer Ring Tunnel Changhong Tunnel Yongjiang Tunnel Zhujiang Tunnel
purchasing method D&B D&B traditional traditional
construction duration 4 years 2 years 8 years 3 years
hydrogeology serious siltation and soft ground serious siltation and soft ground serious siltation and soft ground intermediary weathered rock ground
foundation type sand flow pile grouting sand flow
accumulative settlement 23 cm 2 cm 8.84 cm 3 cm
foundation cost
(million RMB Yuan)		 13.5 20 2.29 5
contract sum
(billion RMB Yuan)		 0.11 0.372 0.16 0.173
foundation/contract ration 1.22% 5% 1.40% 2.89%
Tab.6  Comprehensive comparisons of four Chinese immersed tube tunnel foundations
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