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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (2) : 411-434    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0602-y
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Mechanical properties characterization of different types of masonry infill walls
André FURTADO1, Hugo RODRIGUES2(), António ARÊDE1, Humberto VARUM1
1. CONSTRUCT-LESE, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
2. RISCO, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal
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Abstract

It is remarkable, the recent advances concerning the development of numerical modeling frameworks to simulate the infill panels’ seismic behavior. However, there is a lack of experimental data of their mechanical properties, which are of full importance to calibrate the numerical models. The primary objective of this paper is to present an extensive experimental campaign of mechanical characterization tests of infill masonry walls made with three different types of masonry units: lightweight vertical hollow concrete blocks and hollow clay bricks. Four different types of experimental tests were carried out, namely: compression strength tests, diagonal tensile strength tests, and flexural strength tests parallel and perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints. A total amount of 80 tests were carried out and are reported in the present paper. The second objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of as-built and existing infill walls. The results presented and discussed herein, will be in terms of strain-stress curves and damages observed within the tests. It was observed a fragile behavior in the panels made with hollow clay horizontal bricks, without propagation of cracks. The plaster increased the flexural strength by 57%.
Keywords masonry infill walls      experimental characterization      compression strength      shear diagonal strength      flexural strength     
Corresponding Author(s): Hugo RODRIGUES   
Just Accepted Date: 17 January 2020   Online First Date: 31 March 2020    Issue Date: 08 May 2020
 Cite this article:   
André FURTADO,Hugo RODRIGUES,António ARÊDE, et al. Mechanical properties characterization of different types of masonry infill walls[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 411-434.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-019-0602-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2020/V14/I2/411
Fig.1  Examples of buildings built with horizontal hollow clay bricks: (a) residential and commercial 5-storey building in Portugal (Portugal); b) residential 17-storey building in Coruna (Spain).
Fig.2  Examples of buildings built with VHCB315: (a) residential and commercial 4-storey building in Soure (Portugal); b) residential 8-storey building in Lisboa (Portugal).
Fig.3  Masonry units used in the experimental campaign: (a) HCHB110; (b) HCHB150; and (c) VHCB315.
material properties HCHB110 HCHB150 VHCB315
compressive strength fc,unit (MPa) ≥1.5 ≥1.5 ≥3.25
content of active soluble salts S0 category S0 category S0 category
fire reaction A1 Euroclass A1 Euroclass A1 Euroclass
masonry unit mass (kg/unit) 3.9 5.2 20
thermal transmission coefficient U (m²K/W) 0.29 0.42 0.51
acoustic insulation Rw (dB) 40 43 53
voids (%) 57.7 57.9 26.9
Tab.1  Summary of the masonry units’ material properties (information provided by the product datasheet)
Fig.4  Infill panels made with VHCB315 masonry units: construction methodology.
type of tested masonry infill panels A B C D
fc,m (MPa) ft,m (MPa) fc,m
(MPa)		 ft,m
(MPa)		 fc,m
(MPa)		 ft,m
(MPa)		 fc,m
(MPa)		 ft,m
(MPa)
VHCB315 6.10 2.03 6.52 2.18 4.83 1.59 4.74 1.80
HCHB110 8.08 2.75 8.08 2.75 10.61 3.28 8.08 2.75
HCHB150 13.35 4.51 12.38 4.76 14.13 4.98 14.13 4.98
HCHB150P10 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12.95 4.52 12.95 4.52
HCHB150 (existent) 11.90 9.03 11.90 9.03 11.90 9.03 11.90 9.03
HCHB150P10 (existent) 12.60 5.18 N/A N/A 12.60 5.18 N/A N/A
Tab.2  Summary of the mortar material properties of each specimens’ group.
type of masonry infill panels compressive strength tests diagonal tensile strength tests flexural strength tests parallel to the horizontal bed joints flexural strength tests perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints
VHCB315 3 3 5 5
HCHB110 5 4 5 5
HCHB150 5 5 5 5
HCHB150P10 N/A N/A 6 5
HCHB150 (existing) 4 1 1 3
HCHB150P10 (existing) 4 N/A 1 N/A
total 21 13 23 23
Tab.3  Summary of the experimental campaign: number of specimens tested
Fig.5  Compressive strength tests: (a) test setup specimens made with VHCB315 masonry units; (b) specimens made with HCHB masonry units.
masonry unit dimensions masonry infill panels’ geometric dimensions
lu (mm) hu (mm) length ls (mm) height hs (mm) thickness ts (mm)
≤300 ≤150 ≥(2×lu) ≥5 hu ≥3 ts and≤15ts and≥ts ≥tu
>150 ≥3 hu
>300 ≤150 ≥(1.5×lu) ≥5 hu
>150 ≥3 hu
Tab.4  Masonry infill panels geometric dimensions according to the standard EN 1052-1 [11] recommendations
Fig.6  Compressive strength tests: specimens’ geometric dimensions according to standard EN 1052-1 [11] recommendations.
Fig.7  Compressive strength tests: specimens’ geometric dimensions and instrumentation: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB specimens.
Fig.8  Compressive strength test results: Stress vs Strain curves: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110, (c) HCHB150 and (d) HCHB150 (existent); (e) HCHB 150P10 (existent); (f) global average curves.
statistical parameter VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150 (existing) HCHB150P10 (existing)
fc,mean (MPa) 1.82 0.66 1.09 0.806 0.894
SD (MPa) 0.094 0.131 0.140 0.102 0.176
COV (%) 5.11 19.68 12.81 12.62 19.68
fc,k (MPa) 1.52 0.54 0.91 N/A N/A
Tab.5  Compressive strength results: statistical parameters
statistical parameter VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150 (existing) HCHB150P10 (existing)
Emean (MPa) 3251 1837 1975 2067 2221
SD (MPa) 355 563 719 286 324
COV (%) 10.9 30.6 36.7 15.2 14.5
Emean/fc,mean 1786 2783 1811 2564 2484
Tab.6  Elasticity modulus results: statistical parameters
Fig.9  Compressive strength tests: damages observed: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110, (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150 (existent) and e) HCHB150P10 (existent).
Fig.10  Diagonal shear tension strength tests: (a) test setup view; (b) instrumentation and geometric dimensions (mm).
Fig.11  Diagonal shear tension strength test results: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150 (existent); and Global comparison.
statistical parameter VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150 (existent)
Ss,mean (MPa) 0.204 0.565 0.645 0.38
SD (MPa) 0.012 0.199 0.143 N/A
COV (%) 5.71 35.2 22.2 N/A
Tab.7  Shear stress statistical results: statistical parameters
Fig.12  – Diagonal shear strength test results: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150 (existing); (e) global comparison.
statistical parameter VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150 (existing)
Gmean (MPa) 1389 1141 996 1198
SD (MPa) 500.5 135 88.7 N/A
COV (%) 36.1 11.8 8.91 N/A
Tab.8  Rigidity modulus results: statistical parameters
Fig.13  Diagonal tensile strength tests: Failure modes (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150 (existing).
Fig.14  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints: test setup apparatus (a) lateral view; and (b) back view.
Fig.15  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints: specimens dimensions according to NP EN1052-2 standard (CEN 1999).
Fig.16  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints: (a) instrumentation and specimens’ dimensions VHCB315; (b) HCB110, HCB150, HCB150P100, HCHB150 (existing), HCHB150P100 (existing).
statistical parameter VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150P100
fb,mean,paralell (MPa) 0.083 0.117 0.139* 0.218
SD (MPa) 0.014 0.005 0.018 0.038
COV (%) 14.2 4.26 12.63 17.64
fb,k,paralell (MPa) 0.055 0.078 0.093* 0.145
Tab.9  Flexural strength parallel to horizontal bed joints: statistical parameters
Fig.17  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints: Flexural strength vs OOP displacement: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCB110; (c) HCB150; (d) HCHB150P10; (e) HCB150 (existing) and HCHB150P10 (existing); (f) global results.
Fig.18  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints failure modes: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150P10 (existing); (e) HCHB150 (existent).
Fig.19  Flexural strength tests perpendicular to horizontal bed joints: test setup apparatus: (a) lateral view; (b) back view.
Fig.20  Flexural strength tests perpendicular to horizontal bed joints: specimens dimensions according to NP EN1052-2 standard (CEN 1999).
Fig.21  Flexural strength tests perpendicular to horizontal bed joints instrumentation and specimens’ geometric dimensions: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCB110; HCB150; HCB150P10; HCHB150 (existing).
statistical parameter VHCB31.5 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150P100 HCHB150 (Existent)
fb,perpendicular,mean (MPa) 0.166 0.271 0.322 0.303 0.261
SD (MPa) 0.042 0.083 0.058 0.024 0.074
COV (%) 25.2 30.3 18.1 7.9 28.4
fb,k,perpendicular (MPa) 0.111 0.181 0.215 0.202 N/A
Tab.10  Flexural strength perpendicular to horizontal bed joints: summary of test results
Fig.22  Flexural strength tests perpendicular to horizontal bed joints stress vs OOP displacement: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150P10; (e) global results.
Fig.23  Flexural strength tests parallel to horizontal bed joints failure modes: (a) VHCB315; (b) HCHB110; (c) HCHB150; (d) HCHB150P10 (existing); (e) HCHB150 (existing).
mechanical properties VHCB315 HCHB110 HCHB150 HCHB150P10
fc,mean (MPa) 1.82 0.66 0.806 N/A
Emean (MPa) 3251 1837 1975 N/A
Ss (MPa) 0.204 0.565 0.645 N/A
G (MPa) 1389 1141 996 N/A
fb,parallel,mean (MPa) 0.083 0.117 0.139 0.218
fb,perpendicular,mean (MPa) 0.166 0.271 0.322 0.303
Tab.11  Summary of mechanical properties obtained from the experimental campaign
fc, m mortar compressive strength
ft, m mortar flexural strength
fc masonry infill panels compressive strength
fc, mean masonry infill panels mean compressive strength
fc, k masonry infill panels characteristic compressive strength
Emean mean masonry infill walls elasticity modulus
m average value
σ standard deviation
CoV coefficient of Variation
Rw masonry unit sound insulation resistance
Rt masonry unit thermal resistance
fc, unit masonry unit compressive strength perpendicular to the holes
Ss masonry infill panels shear stress
Ss, mean masonry infill panels mean shear stress
γ mhear straining
Gmean mean masonry infill panels rigidity modulus
fb, parallel masonry infill panels flexural strength parallel to the horizontal bed joints
fb, parallel, mean mean masonry infill panels flexural strength parallel to the horizontal bed joints
fb, parallel, k characteristic masonry infill panels flexural strength parallel to the horizontal bed joints
fb, perpendicular masonry infill panels flexural strength perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints
fb, perpendicular, mean mean masonry infill panels flexural strength perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints
fb, perpendicular, k characteristic masonry infill panels flexural strength perpendicular to the horizontal bed joints
  
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