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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (7) : 803-816    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-022-0835-z
REVIEW
The use of fine portions from construction and demolition waste for expansive soil stabilization: A review
Mgboawaji Claude UJILE1(), Samuel Jonah ABBEY2
1. Civil Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
2. Geotechnical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Abstract

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) are the largest waste products in the world today and competes as a viable recycled additive material in place of natural aggregates. Due to the increase in compressive strength of different mix proportions of CDW, it is also considered for reuse in concrete and subbase construction. This study shows the effect of CDW in expansive soil stabilization. The chemical and mechanical properties of these materials have shown that they are capable of developing compressive strength properties for replacement of cement with significant reduction in carbon emission. The inherent compositional properties of recycled CDW compared in this review suggests that CDW have good filler properties in highly expansive soils. Mixtures of crushed brick and recycled aggregates characterised based on chemical properties of different replacement ratios suggests that CDW of good-quality aggregates reduces swell potential of expansive soils and increased mechanical strength in pavement construction.
Keywords mixed fine portions      construction and demolition waste      expansive soil      soil stabilization     
Corresponding Author(s): Mgboawaji Claude UJILE   
Online First Date: 17 October 2022    Issue Date: 17 November 2022
 Cite this article:   
Mgboawaji Claude UJILE,Samuel Jonah ABBEY. The use of fine portions from construction and demolition waste for expansive soil stabilization: A review[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 803-816.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-022-0835-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2022/V16/I7/803
Fig.1  Gross domestic product of CDW in top European economies.
country bricks (%) concrete (%)
USA 3.5 7.5
UK 4.5 2.5
China 2 2.5
South Korea 3 1.5
Brazil 17.5 7
Tab.1  Average waste rate of bricks and concrete materials on site in selected countries
Fig.2  The reuse of CDW in the circular economy.
Fig.3  Replacement ratios of CDW versus journal articles (2019–2022).
authors established prior knowledge results
Habibzai and Shigeishi [31] the over-exploitation of natural sand and reuse of waste concrete as a source for aggregates high-quality fines produced with smaller portions approximately identical to mortar made of virgin sand
Lancellotti et al. [32] the use of inert materials in debris as in production of bricks and cements The materials achieved compressive strength and adhesion
Kulisch [33] the uses of recycled aggregate from concrete waste for base/sub-base infrastructure and structural applications Crushed concrete waste contains paste/mortar from the original cement mortar which remains attached to the aggregate particles.
Cristelo et al. [34] the stabilization of the FP of CDW The presence of cementitious materials improves compression strength and elasticity.
Wu et al. [35] correcting improper methods of disposal The bond strength crushed concrete was higher than natural aggregate of reference mortar.
McGinnis et al. [36] the shortage of raw materials Replacing portion of natural aggregates with FP achieves proportional strength and stiffness.
Vieira et al. [37] concrete production and base layers of roadway infrastructures. Compacted fine-grain recycled CDW exhibit similar shear strength to natural materials.
Sicakova et al. [38] modification of waste treatment technologies by production of alternative materials The products prepared using optimized raw materials presented new properties.
Sabai [39] the recycling of CDW into building materials 85% of the tested concrete specimens from fines achieved compressive strength of 7 N/mm2.
López Ruiz et al. [40] reuse and recycling of CDW materials for building refurbishment and construction promoting new technological solutions of structural and non-structural pre-fabricated elements with high degree of recycled materials from CDW
Saidi et al. [41] CDW properties measured in the fresh and hardened states Recycled fines (0/5) had greater mechanical strength compared to mortar.
Alexandridou et al. [42] a potential alternative for saving natural resources and minimize landfilling Concrete mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregates had minor deterioration compared to conventional concrete of the same cement quantity.
Alexandridou et al. [43] recycled materials investigated to supplement natural components of typical building mixes Long-time water absorption coefficient showed positive effect of fine-grain additives.
Sicakova et al. [44] the inert portion can be “reused” as a fill material for land reclamation for recycling low grade recycled aggregates
Kou et al. [45] a viable way to reuse waste materials to alleviate the demand on public fill capacity the effects of the use of fine crushed brick and tile aggregate as a replacement of natural sand on the fresh and mechanical properties
Poon and Chan [46] fast dwindling source of aggregates compressive and tensile strength of concrete where almost the same as that normal concrete at the 7, 14, 21 and 28 d
Bangwar et al. [47] the use of recycled fine aggregate made from waste rubble wall to substitute partially for the natural sand for production of cement and sand bricks The manufacture of bricks containing recycled fine aggregate with good characteristics were similar in physical and mechanical properties to natural aggregate.
Ismail and Yaacob [48] demolished concrete waste handling and management The recycled aggregate makes good quality concrete for partial replacement.
Husain and Assas [49] utilization of recycled waste materials for sustainable consumption and preservation of the environment Compressive strength of the concrete specimens increased with curing age, clay brick powder and 25% waste glass aggregate.
Olofinnade et al. [50] relatively low strength in applications The replacement of fine fraction 0–2 mm in recycled aggregate by natural sand changes to achieve better the properties of recycled concrete.
Tab.2  General knowledge from studies on recycled CDW materials
SiO2 Al2O3 CaO CO2 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 K2O TiO2 reference
32.90 6.31 24.80 23.44 4.29 4.93 1.42 1.08 0.43 Bassani et al. [54]
36.51 2.45 32.09 – 1.26 1.05 0.05 0.21 – Levy and Helene [55]
45.50 10.10 15.70 – 2.44 1.81 3.12 2.31 0.32 Saiz Martínez et al. [52]
63.50 6.57 11.58 1.57 0.61 2.44 2.17 0.17
67.70 6.48 10.67 1.22 0.54 1.43 2.16 0.15
8.93 2.85 43.60 – 1.97 0.85 38.30 0.92 – Patil et al. [56]
15.00 5.72 39.30 3.16 1.02 32.20 1.58
Tab.3  Inherent oxides present in CDW
Fig.4  The effect of SiO2 in CDW.
statistics C Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Fe
max 56.04 0.12 1.53 7.99 14.93 1.85 1.24 30.74 4.23
min 41.32 0.04 0.89 5.74 13.32 1.63 1.21 13.94 3.25
average 48.68 0.08 1.21 6.86 14.12 1.74 1.22 22.34 3.74
standard deviation 10.41 0.06 0.45 1.59 1.14 0.16 0.02 11.88 0.70
Tab.4  Oxides of FP from XRD-EDX analysis (0.063 mm)
statistics C Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti Fe
max 33.81 0.29 2.90 11.10 28.01 1.62 1.87 13.55 0.89 5.96
min 33.81 0.29 2.90 11.10 28.01 1.62 1.87 13.55 0.89 5.96
average 33.81 0.29 2.90 11.10 28.01 1.62 1.87 13.55 0.89 5.96
standard deviation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tab.5  Oxides of FP from XRD-EDX analysis (0.150 mm)
statistics C Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Fe
max 43.79 0.62 1.53 19.54 70.82 1.72 3.33 7.46 1.13
min 22.93 0.01 0.78 2.63 28.11 1.72 0.46 1.71 0.00
average 36.11 0.34 1.18 9.68 44.81 1.90 4.81 0.60
standard deviation 11.47 0.31 0.38 8.80 22.83 1.43 2.90 0.57
Tab.6  Oxides of FP from XRD-EDX analysis (0.300 mm)
statistics C Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Fe
max 45.82 0.22 0.99 6.80 15.85 2.54 1.27 22.29 4.23
min 45.82 0.22 0.99 6.80 15.85 2.54 1.27 22.29 4.23
average 45.82 0.22 0.99 6.80 15.85 2.54 1.27 22.29 4.23
standard deviation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tab.7  Oxides of FP from XRD-EDX analysis (0.425 mm)
Fig.5  Normalised importance chart of 2 hidden layers and 10 hidden units of stabilised soil models.
Fig.6  Normalised importance chart of 1 hidden layer and 10 hidden units of stabilised soil models.
No. replacement ratio (%) density(kg/m3) compressive strength (MPa) days of curing slump(mm) stiffness(kN/m) w/c ratio water absorption (%) particle size (mm) reference
1 30, 100 2100 27 1, 2, 28 195 2.69 0.65 10.7 0–6 [81]
2 10, 30, 50, 100 2298 61.65 14, 28, 91 125 – 0.52 7.09 0–4 [82]
3 50 2450 58 7, 28 50-90 18 0.68 8.0 – [83]
4 10, 50, 100 – 39.5 9, 24, 28 – – 0.55 13.8 0.5 [84]
5 10, 20, 30 1469.8 54.2 3, 7, 28 – – – – – [85]
6 10, 30, 50, 100 2010 37.3 7, 28, 56 120 – 0.55 10.9 0–4 [86]
7 20 – 42.1 28 122 – – 7.2 0–36 [87]
8 30, 50, 60, 100 – 40 3, 7, 28 8 – – 0.71 – [88]
9 30, 100 1913 59.3 7, 28 70 2.38 0.41 13.1 0–38.1 [89]
10 50, 100 1430 – 1, 3, 7, 28 120 2.7 0.46-0.74 – – [90]
11 25, 50, 75, 100 2310 – 3, 7, 28, 90 – 3.18 0.53 2.38 – [91]
12 25, 50, 75, 100 2190 56.5 4, 7, 28, 90 76 2.11 0.53 2.84 0–5 [92]
13 25, 50, 75, 100 1671 30 7, 14, 28 – 3.3 – – 0–5 [93]
14 20, 50, 100 2338 40 7, 28 170 3.6 0.5 – 0–10 [94]
15 – 2150 31.1 7, 14, 28, 56 – – 0.4 10 0–10 [95]
16 30, 50, 100 – 45.9 7, 28, 56, 91 140 3.09 0.64 0.76–2.7 5 [96]
17 30 1913 61.3 7, 28, 56 80 2.38 0.45 13.1 0–1 [97]
18 25, 50, 100 2450 – 3, 7, 28 – – 0.55 1.65 0–20 [98]
19 25, 50 2492 – 4 – – – 3.51 0–5 [99]
20 25, 50, 100 2050 51.1 1, 7, 28, 90 190 3.0 0.5 14.75 0–4 [100]
21 – 1356 52.5 7, 28 – – 0.53 5.5 – [101]
22 – 2160 – 1, 3, 27, 28 50 3.78 0.65 12.0 0–6 [102]
23 – 2205 35.4 3, 28 90 3.78 0.66 12 0–6 [103]
24 8 2460 60 3, 7, 28 – 17.2 – – 0−2 [104]
Tab.8  Compressive strength properties of blended FP over time
chemical analysis CaO (%) SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2 O3 (%)
Portland cement 62.3–62.58 20.25–21.96 4.73–5.31 3.68–4.04
fly ash 2.86–4.24 53.33–56.2 20.17–27.65 6.04–6.69
silica fume 0.45 90.36–92.3 0.71 1.31
GGBS 34.12–40.38 32.35–36.41 10.39–11.36 1.48–0.69
limestone filler 52.9–55.6 0.13–1.84 0.09–1.37 0.24–0.47
Tab.9  Main chemical combination and physical properties of cementitious additives [87,84,101,108,109]
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