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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

ISSN 2095-2430

ISSN 2095-2449(Online)

CN 10-1023/X

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Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (8) : 947-961    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-022-0836-y
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Optimization of polyurethane-bonded thin overlay mixture designation for airport pavement
Xianrui LI1, Ling XU1(), Qidi ZONG1, Fu JIANG2, Xinyao YU2, Jun WANG3, Feipeng XIAO1()
1. Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
2. CAAC East China Regional Administration, Shanghai 200335, China
3. Ningbo Airport Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315154, China
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Abstract

This research explored the application potential of PUM thin-overlay technology on airport rapid maintenance. The rapid curing process of polyurethane binder determines the limited time window for mixing and construction of polyurethane-bonded mixture (PUM), which presents significant difference with hot-mix asphalt (HMA) technology. Therefore, this research investigated and optimized the mix design of PUM for airport thin-overlay technology based on its thermosetting characteristics. First, limestone and basalt were comprehensively compared as an aggregate for PUM. Then, the effects of molding and curing conditions were studied in terms of mixing time, molding method, molding parameters and curing temperature. Statistical analysis was also conducted to evaluate the effects of gradation and particle size on PUM performances based on gray relational analysis (GRA), thus determining the key particle size to control PUM performances. Finally, the internal structural details of PUM were captured by X-ray CT scan test. The results demonstrated that it only took 12 hours to reach 75% of maximum strength at a curing temperature of 50 °C, indicating an efficient curing process and in turn allowing short traffic delay. The internal structural details of PUM presented distribution of tiny pores with few connective voids, guaranteeing waterproof property and high strength.
Keywords polyurethane-bonded mixture      mix design optimization      airport pavement      thin overlay      gray relational analysis     
Corresponding Author(s): Ling XU,Feipeng XIAO   
Just Accepted Date: 02 September 2022   Online First Date: 31 October 2022    Issue Date: 02 December 2022
 Cite this article:   
Xianrui LI,Ling XU,Qidi ZONG, et al. Optimization of polyurethane-bonded thin overlay mixture designation for airport pavement[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 947-961.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-022-0836-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2022/V16/I8/947
Fig.1  Concrete pavement diseases of airport runway and thin overlay maintenance technology.
properties unit value
tensile strength MPa 43.0
elongation at break % 28.5
elastic modulus N/mm2 1966
tearing strength MPa 127.2
shore hardness D 68
Tab.1  Basic properties of polyurethane
Fig.2  Molecular formulas of isocyanate and polyether polyols.
parameters basalt 5−10 mm basalt 3−5 mm limestone 5−10 mm limestone 3−5 mm limestone 0−3 mm requirement method
apparent specific density 3.048 2.999 2.748 2.755 2.674 – T 0308
surface dry specific density 2.963 2.924 2.704 2.715 2.602 –
bulk density 2.922 2.887 2.679 2.693 2.561 –
water absorption (%) 1.41 1.30 0.93 0.84 1.59 –
crushing value (%) 10.1 – 12.7 – – ≤20 T 0316
LA abrasion loss (%) 10.6 10.5 12.5 12.6 – ≤28 T 0323
needle-like content (%) 7.4 – 11.2 – – ≤15 T 0312
particle content (< 0.075 mm) 1..0 0.6 1.3 1.7 – ≤1 T 0310
soft stone content 1.3 – 1.2 – – ≤2 T 0320
hardness 1.44 0.79 1.76 1.28 1.50 ≤10 T 0320T 0340
Tab.2  Basic properties of coarse and fine aggregates
Fig.3  Performances comparison between limestone and basalt for PUM.
sieve size (mm) lower limit passing percentage (%) upper limit surface area coefficient specific surface area (m2/kg)
13.2 100 100.0 100 0.0041 0.4100
9.5 95 98.6 100 0.0041 0.4041
4.75 60 71.6 88 0.0041 0.2934
2.36 35 50.0 72 0.0082 0.4100
1.18 20 35.0 61 0.0164 0.5740
0.6 12 25.0 50 0.0287 0.7175
0.3 6 15.0 22 0.0614 0.9210
0.15 3 3.9 10 0.1229 0.4845
Tab.3  Calculation results of polyurethane film thickness
Fig.4  Fracture mode identification of limestone and basalt for PUM.
Fig.5  Properties of PUM with different mixing duration. (a) Aggregate blending duration; (b) mixture mixing duration.
Fig.6  Properties of PUM with different interpose times and compaction times. (a) Bulk density; (b) air void; (c) Marshall stability; (d) splitting tensile strength.
Fig.7  Comparison of PUM under different rotation compaction times. (a) Sample height and bulk density; (b) air void and split strength.
Fig.8  Performance comparison of PUM. (a) Interpose times; (b) vibration duration.
index surperpave gyration compaction Marshall hitting method vibratory compaction method artificial molding method
air void 1.00 0.40 0.66 0.00
Marshall stability 0.28 1.00 0.83 0.00
stripping degree 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.00
splitting strength 0.69 1.00 0.75 0.00
TSR 0.83 1.00 0.98 0.00
standardized sum 3.80 4.17 4.22 0.00
Tab.4  Min–max range dimensionless results of evaluation indicators
Fig.9  Mixture performance evaluation of four molding methods. (a) Air void and stripping degree; (b) Marshall stability and flow value; (c) split strength and TSR.
Fig.10  Compression strength development of mixture. (a) Curing durations; (b) curing temperatures.
Fig.11  Gradation range of PUM.
Fig.12  Performance of PUM with different gradation. (a) Stripping degree and Marshall strength; (b) compression strength, split strength and air void.
index air void compressive strength Marshall stability stripping degree splitting strength standardized sum
G1 1 0 0.1 0 0 1.1
G2 1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 2.2
G3 0 0.4 0 0.8 1 2.2
G4 0.1 0.9 1 0.5 0.9 3.4
G5 0.3 1 0.9 1 0.6 3.7
Tab.5  Min–max range dimensionless results of evaluation indicators
Fig.13  Effect of sieve passing rate on air void. (a) Fitting result; (b) GRA result.
Fig.14  Effect of sieve passing rate on compression strength. (a) Fitting result; (b) GRA result.
Fig.15  Effect of sieve passing rate on split strength. (a) Fitting result; (b) GRA result.
Fig.16  Effect of sieve passing rate on stripping degree. (a) Fitting result; (b) GRA result.
Fig.17  Effect of sieve passing rate on Marshall stability. (a) Fitting result; (b) GRA result.
Fig.18  CT scan analysis with image processing (unit: mm). (a) Specimen reconstructions with surface removal; (b) typical image slices with air analysis, (c) and (d) internal air voids extraction results; (f) sphericity characteristics of air voids; (g) distribution statistics of air voids.
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