Selection of digital fabrication technique in the construction industry—A multi-criteria decision-making approach

doi:10.1007/s11709-024-1075-1

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (7) : 977-997 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-024-1075-1

Selection of digital fabrication technique in the construction industry—A multi-criteria decision-making approach

M. P. SALAIMANIMAGUDAM, J. JAYAPRAKASH(

)

Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India

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Abstract

Digital fabrication techniques, in recent decades, have provided the basis of a sustainable revolution in the construction industry. However, selecting the digital fabrication method in terms of manufacturability and functionality requirements is a complex problem. This paper presents alternatives and criteria for selection of digital fabrication techniques by adopting the multi-criteria decision-making technique. The alternatives considered in the study are concrete three-dimensional (3D) printing, shotcrete, smart dynamic casting, material intrusion, mesh molding, injection concrete 3D printing, and thin forming techniques. The criteria include formwork utilization, reinforcement incorporation, geometrical complexity, material enhancement, assembly complexity, surface finish, and build area. It demonstrates different multi-criteria decision-making techniques, with both subjective and objective weighting methods. The given ranking is based on the current condition of digital fabrication in the construction industry. The study reveals that in the selection of digital fabrication techniques, the criteria including reinforcement incorporation, build area, and geometrical complexity play a pivotal role, collectively accounting for nearly 70% of the overall weighting. Among the evaluated techniques, concrete 3D printing emerged as the best performer, however the shotcrete and mesh molding techniques in the second and third positions.

Keywords digital fabrication multicriteria decision-making concrete 3D printing

Corresponding Author(s): J. JAYAPRAKASH

Just Accepted Date: 11 June 2024 Online First Date: 03 July 2024 Issue Date: 06 August 2024

Cite this article:

M. P. SALAIMANIMAGUDAM,J. JAYAPRAKASH. Selection of digital fabrication technique in the construction industry—A multi-criteria decision-making approach[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 977-997.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-024-1075-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/977

Fig.1 MCDM step-by-step procedure.

Fig.2 A hierarchical structure for decision-making.

Fig.3 Subjective and objective weighting approach.

Tab.1 Comparative evaluation using importance scaling for different criteria

Tab.2 Preference evaluation matrix

Fig.4 Concrete 3D printing.

Fig.5 Controlling layer properties and movements: (a) linear movement; (b) combination linear and rotational movement; (c) inclined angle deposition; (d) varying layer thickness by traveling velocity of nozzle; (e) varying layer width through altering spraying height [81] (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Research, 134, Kloft H, Krauss H W, Hack N, Herrmann E, Neudecker S, Varady P A, Lowke D, Influence of process parameters on the interlayer bond strength of concrete elements additive manufactured by Shotcrete 3D Printing, 106078, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.).

Fig.6 Smart dynamic casting 2.0 dynamic slip formwork (A₁–A₆: actuators), (h₁?h₆: horizontal spacing) [23] (Reprinted from Structures, 46, Salaimanimagudam M. P, Jayaprakash J, Optimum selection of reinforcement, assembly, and formwork system for DF technique in construction industry—A critical review, 725–749, Copyright 2022, with permission from Elsevier.).

Fig.7 Schematic sketch of material intrusion process [23] (Reprinted from Structures, 46, Salaimanimagudam MP, Jayaprakash J, Optimum selection of reinforcement, assembly, and formwork system for DF technique in construction industry—A critical review, 725–749, Copyright 2022, with permission from Elsevier.).

Fig.8 Mesh molding of double curve wall [87] (Reprinted from Automation in construction,115, Hack N, D?rfler K, Walzer A N, Wangler T, Mata-Falcón J, Kumar N, Buchli J, Kaufmann W, Flatt R J, Gramazio F, et al. Structural stay-in-place formwork for robotic in situ fabrication of non-standard concrete structures: A real scale architectural demonstrator, 103197, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.)

Fig.9 Injection concrete 3D printed Table [89] (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Composites, 124, Lowke D, Vandenberg A, Pierre A, Thomas A, Kloft H, Hack N, Injection 3D concrete printing in a carrier liquid—Underlying physics and applications to lightweight space frame structures, 104169, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier.).

Fig.10 Simultaneous fabrication in thin forming [17] (Reprinted from 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 7, Burger J, Lloret-Fritschi E, Scotto F, Demoulin T, Gebhard L, Mata-Falcón J, Gramazio F, Kohler M, Flatt R J, Eggshell: Ultra-thin three-dimensional printed formwork for concrete structures, 49?59, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.).

Fig.11 3Ms of DF.

Tab.3 Formwork utilization scaling

Fig.12 Formwork Utilization: (a) Diamond textured wall [93] (Reprinted from Construction and Building Materials, 275, Daungwilailuk T, Pheinsusom P, Pansuk W, Daungwilailuk T, Pheinsusom P, Pansuk W, Uniaxial load testing of large-scale 3D-printed concrete wall and finite-element model analysis, 122039, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier.); (b) material intrusion [6] (Reprinted from Journal of cleaner production, 394, Pons-Valladares O, Casanovas-Rubio M del M, Armengou J, de la Fuente A, Approach for sustainability assessment for footbridge construction technologies: Application to the first world D-shape 3D-Printed fiber-reinforced mortar footbridge in Madrid, 136369, Copyright 2023, with permission from Elsevier.); (c) smart dynamic casting [82] (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Research, 134, Lloret-Fritschi E, Wangler T, Gebhard L, Mata-Falcón J, Mantellato S, Scotto F, Burger J, Szabo A, Ruffray N, Reiter L, et al., From Smart Dynamic Casting to a growing family of Digital Casting Systems From Smart Dynamic Casting to a growing family of Digital Casting Systems, 106071, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.); (d) injection C3DP [88] (Reprinted from Materials, 13(5), Hack N, Dressler I, Brohmann L, Gantner S, Lowke D, Kloft H, Injection 3D concrete printing (I3DCP): Basic principles and case studies, 1093, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.); (e) thin forming [17] (Reprinted from 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 7, Burger J, Lloret-Fritschi E, Scotto F, Demoulin T, Gebhard L, Mata-Falcón J, Gramazio F, Kohler M, Flatt R J, Eggshell: Ultra-thin three-dimensional printed formwork for concrete structures, 49-59, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license); (f) shotcrete [94] (Reprinted from Bautechnik Bautechnik, 96, Kloft H, Hack N, Mainka J, Brohmann L, Herrmann E, Ledderose L, Lowke D Kloft H, Hack N, Mainka J, Brohmann L, Herrmann E, Ledderose L, Lowke D, Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen: erste 3-D-gedruckte und bewehrte Betonbauteile im Shotcrete-3-D-Printing-Verfahren (SC3DP), 929–938, Copyright 2019, with permission from John Wiley and Sons.), and (g) Mesh molding of double curve wall [87] (Reprinted from Automation in construction,115, Hack N, D?rfler K, Walzer A N, Wangler T, Mata-Falcón J, Kumar N, Buchli J, Kaufmann W, Flatt R J, Gramazio F, et al. Structural stay-in-place formwork for robotic in situ fabrication of non-standard concrete structures: A real scale architectural demonstrator, 103197, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.).

Tab.4 Reinforcement incorporation versatility scaling

Tab.5 Geometrical complexity scaling

Fig.13 Geometrical complexity: (a) injection C3DP [88] (Reprinted from Materials, 13(5), Hack N, Dressler I, Brohmann L, Gantner S, Lowke D, Kloft H, Injection 3D concrete printing (I3DCP): Basic principles and case studies, 1093, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.); (b) Material intrusion [6] (Reprinted from Journal of cleaner production, 394, Pons-Valladares O, Casanovas-Rubio M del M, Armengou J, de la Fuente A, Approach for sustainability assessment for footbridge construction technologies: Application to the first world D-shape 3D-Printed fiber-reinforced mortar footbridge in Madrid, 136369, Copyright 2023, with permission from Elsevier.); (c) Thin forming [17] (Reprinted from 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 7, Burger J, Lloret-Fritschi E, Scotto F, Demoulin T, Gebhard L, Mata-Falcón J, Gramazio F, Kohler M, Flatt RJ, Eggshell: Ultra-thin three-dimensional printed formwork for concrete structures, 49–59, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license,); (d) Thin forming Pavilion [10] (Reprinted from Construction Robotics, 7, Burger J, Aejmelaeus-Lindstr?m P, Gürel S, Niketi? F, Lloret-Fritschi E, Flatt RJ, Gramazio F, Kohler M, Eggshell Pavilion: a reinforced concrete structure fabricated using robotically 3D printed formwork, 213–233, under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license); (e) Concrete 3D printing [93] (Reprinted from Construction and Building Materials, 275, Daungwilailuk T, Pheinsusom P, Pansuk W Daungwilailuk T, Pheinsusom P, Pansuk W, Uniaxial load testing of large-scale 3D-printed concrete wall and finite-element model analysis, 122039, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier.); (f) Mesh molding of double curve wall [87] (Reprinted from Automation in construction,115, Hack N, D?rfler K, Walzer AN, Wangler T, Mata-Falcón J, Kumar N, Buchli J, Kaufmann W, Flatt RJ, Gramazio F, et al. Structural stay-in-place formwork for robotic in situ fabrication of non-standard concrete structures: A real scale architectural demonstrator, 103197, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.); (g) Shotcrete [94] (Reprinted from Bautechnik Bautechnik, 96, Kloft H, Hack N, Mainka J, Brohmann L, Herrmann E, Ledderose L, Lowke D Kloft H, Hack N, Mainka J, Brohmann L, Herrmann E, Ledderose L, Lowke D, Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen: erste 3-D-gedruckte und bewehrte Betonbauteile im Shotcrete-3-D-Printing-Verfahren (SC3DP), 929–938, Copyright 2019, with permission from John Wiley and Sons.), and (h) Smart dynamic casting [82] (Reprinted from Cement and Concrete Research, 134, Lloret-Fritschi E, Wangler T, Gebhard L, Mata-Falcón J, Mantellato S, Scotto F, Burger J, Szabo A, Ruffray N, Reiter L, et al., From Smart Dynamic Casting to a growing family of Digital Casting Systems From Smart Dynamic Casting to a growing family of Digital Casting Systems, 106071, Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.).

Tab.6 Material enhancement scaling

Tab.7 Assembly complexity scaling

Tab.8 Surface finish scaling

Tab.9 Build area scaling

Tab.10 Decision matrix

Tab.11 AHP vs. ENTROPY weighting score and ranking

Tab.12 Overall performance score

Tab.13 Ranking of alternatives using different methods

Tab.14 Sensitivity analysis weighting for criteria

Fig.14 Sensitivity analysis ranking based on: (a) TOPSIS; (b) WASPAS; (c) MOORA.

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