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Landscape Architecture Frontiers

ISSN 2096-336X

ISSN 2095-5413 (Online)

CN 10-1105/TU

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Landsc. Archit. Front.    2024, Vol. 12 Issue (3) : 36-52    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-0-020018
Exploring Nature-based Solutions on Refined Waterbird Habitats Restoration in High-density Urban Area: A Case Study of the Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland in Shenzhen, China
Bo LUAN(), Yue LIU, Di CHE, Wenjun ZHOU1, Liuliu HU4, Yuan LIN
1. Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
2. Yifang Ecoscape, Beijing 100080, China
3. Shenzhen Weiming Design Consulting CO., LTD, Shenzhen 518057, China
4. Guangdong Neilingding–Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen 518040, China
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Abstract

As a highly urbanized bay area bustling with socio-economic activities, Shenzhen Bay is a pivotal stopover and wintering habitat for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland, located in the northeast of Shenzhen bay, is a part of the Guangdong Neilingding–Futian National Nature Reserve. As the smallest national nature reserve in China, the wintering habitat of migratory birds has been significantly impacted by the compacted surrounding built-up environment. It has become an urgent need for refined high-quality ecological restoration for the habitats. This project leveraged Nature-based Solutions to develop a refined model for the ecological restoration of coastal wetland waterbird habitats in compact urban areas. By analyzing waterbird behaviors and habitat requirements, this model outlined six strategies: water surface expansion, water level control, hydrodynamic conditions improvement, shoal transformation, adaptive vegetation management, and disturbance control. To effectively guide the restoration implementation, high-, medium-, and low-adaptive approaches were proposed accordingly. After restoration in 2022, notable increases in target species, such as Platalea minor, were observed. The variety of waterbirds of the reserve in 2022 increased by 33% compared with 2021, while increased by 50.9% compared with 2016, significantly enhancing ecosystem services of the coastal area. As urban renewal in China is shifting towards spatial redevelopment, this model offers valuable insights for ecological restoration aiming at coastal wetland waterbird conservation across the country, and substantially supports establishing the "International Mangrove Center" in Shenzhen.

● Explores Nature-based Solutions on refined coastal wetland restoration in highly urbanized area

● Summarizes the universal habitat requirements for five categories of waterbirds

● Proposes six ecological restoration strategies for waterbird habitats and corresponding high-, medium-, and low-adaptive approaches

Keywords Nature-based Solutions      Coastal Wetland      Ecological Restoration      Waterbird Habitat      Biodiversity     
Corresponding Author(s): Bo LUAN   
Online First Date: 20 June 2024    Issue Date: 28 June 2024
 Cite this article:   
Bo LUAN,Yue LIU,Di CHE, et al. Exploring Nature-based Solutions on Refined Waterbird Habitats Restoration in High-density Urban Area: A Case Study of the Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland in Shenzhen, China[J]. Landsc. Archit. Front., 2024, 12(3): 36-52.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/laf/EN/10.15302/J-LAF-0-020018
https://academic.hep.com.cn/laf/EN/Y2024/V12/I3/36
FishpondArea (hm2)Number of small pondsWater depth (m)Habitat condition
No. 56.8551~1.5· Embankment vegetation dominated by tall trees with numerous invasive plants
· The northern water surface is encroached by Phragmites australis
No. 63.4641.5~2· Embankment vegetation dominated by trees and shrubs with numerous invasive plants
· The water body is narrow and elongated, easily disturbed by external factors
No. 75.1141.5~2· Rich embankment vegetation with numerous invasive plants
· Significantly impacted by urban traffic noise and light
No. 83.9322~2.5· Rich embankment vegetation with numerous invasive plants
· Islets within the pond
No. 94.9542~2.5· Rich embankment vegetation with numerous invasive plants
· The water body is divided by cruciform embankments with tall trees
No. 103.9431 ~ 2· Phragmites australis are abundant in the central area, with numerous invasive plants
· The eastern part is gradually terrestrializing, without tidal channels outwards
No. 112.7402~2.5· Lush embankment vegetation dominated by tall trees
· Islets with established groves within the pond
Northern Freshwater Pond4.3050. 3 ~ 0.5 (dry season), 1 (rainy season)· Lush embankment vegetation enclosed by tall, dense plants, with the water surface encroached by aquatic plants
· Without tidal channels outwards, rainwater is easily accumulated
Typhoon Shelter Pond0.790Varies with tidal levelThe water surface is covered by Acanthus ilicifolius
Tab.1  Habitat conditions of fishponds along the east bank of the Fengtang River
Fig.1  Fishpond locations in the reserve.
Fig.2  Refined ecological restoration model for waterbird habitats in high-density urban area.
Fig.3  Waterbird distribution before restoration.
Target waterbirdRepresentative speciesBody length (cm)Ecological typeResidency typeHuman disturbance tolerance
ScolopacidaeSmallCalidris ferruginea18.0 ~ 23.0Wading birdTransient birdsHigh
Medium and largeLimosa limosa36.0 ~ 44.0Wading birdWinter visitorsHigh
AnatidaeNon-divingAnas clypeata44.0 ~ 51.0Swimming birdWinter visitorsMedium to high
DivingAythya fuligula40.0 ~ 47.0Swimming birdWinter visitorsHigh
ArdeidaeEgretta garzetta55.0 ~ 65.0Wading birdMainly winter visitors, a few summer visitors and residentsMedium
RallidaeGallinula chloropus30.0 ~ 38.0Wading birdWinter visitors with some residentsHigh
PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocorax carbo84.0 ~ 90.0Swimming birdWinter visitorsHigh
National first-class protected speciesPlatalea minor60.0 ~ 78.5Wading birdWinter visitorsHigh
Tab.2  Overview of representative species of target waterbirds
Target waterbirdWaterbodyWater depth (cm)Shoal and isletVegetationOtherSource
ScolopacidaeSmallContinuous open water surface, low vegetation coverage, generally larger than 2 hm2, regular shape3 ~ 5Soft soil, similar color as ScolopacidaeLow vegetation coverage, area proportion of shoals, water surface, and patches: 40%, 40%, 20%Noise under 50 dB; flight initiation distance above 40 mRefs. [10] [17] [32]~[38]
Medium and largeUnder 10
AnatidaeNon-divingComplex composition of water surface with aquatic vegetation patches15~30Soft sand and mud on shoals, part of sandy gravel substratePartially covered by aquatic vegetation, creating a safe environmentSlow water flow, foraging area current under 4.8 km/hRefs. [32] [38]~[41]
Diving25 ~ 200
ArdeidaeOpen water surface15~40Some sandy gravel bases on shoals for standing, not all siltVegetation coverage generally under 25%, mainly by trees, better with less closureNoise under 60 dBRefs. [14] [17] [42]
RallidaeOpen water surface with aquatic vegetation patches· Foraging: under 10 · Resting: under 50Vegetation patches on water surface (such as Phragmites australis, marsh grasslands) for activity concealment, rich submersed plantsRefs. [17] [39]
PhalacrocoracidaeContinuous open water surface, low vegetation coverage80 ~ 120Small islets or logs and rocks in the water for perchingWater surface and aquatic vegetation ratio: 4:6 ~ 6:4Slow water flowRefs. [42] [43]
Platalea minorContinuous open water surface, low vegetation coverage· Foraging: 5 ~ 10 · Resting: 5 ~ 25Muddy shoals or substratesResting environment with some vegetation coverage around the water for a safe atmosphereTurbid water, embankments or ridges for concealment are beneficial for foragingRef. [38]
Tab.3  Habitat needs of target waterbirds
Fig.4  Habitat needs for target waterbirds.
FishpondHabitat typeMajor target birds
No. 5High-tide habitatPlatalea minor, medium and large Scolopacidae, and other large wading birds
No. 6High-tide habitatPlatalea minor, Ardeidae, and other large wading birds
No. 7Traditional dike-pondVarious birds reliant on dike-ponds, such as Alcedinidae
No. 8Traditional dike-pondAnatidae and Ardeidae
No. 9Deep-water habitatAythya
No. 10Traditional dike-pondVarious birds reliant on dike-ponds, such as Alcedinidae
No. 11Deep-water habitatLocal Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae, and Aythya
Northern Freshwater PondWetlandVarious birds reliant on wetlands
Typhoon Shelter PondTidal flatVarious birds and animals reliant on wetlands
Tab.4  Habitat types and major target birds of fishponds to restore
Fig.5  Six ecological restoration technical strategies.
StrategyHigh-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachLow-adaptive approach
Water surface expansion· Water surface area larger than 3 hm2 with a proportion of no less than 90%· Water surface area larger than 2.5 hm2 with a proportion of no less than 80%· Water surface area larger than 2 hm2 with a proportion of no less than 70%
· Eliminate internal embankments to fully integrate all water areas, creating a large, open water surface· Lower internal embankments to visually form open water surfaces· Partially breach embankments for functional connectivity between water areas
Water level control· Water level lower than 0.15 m· Water level between 0.15 ~ 0.4 m· Water level above 0.4 m
· Adjust terrain of fishpond bottom into terrace, use smart water gates for real-time shallow water level control· Slightly adjust the terrain of the bottom of fishpond to form areas with varying depths· Maintain water level
Hydrodynamic conditions improvement· High water exchange capacity· Medium water exchange capacity· Medium water exchange capacity
· Dredge tidal channels to enhance hydrodynamic conditions for material and energy exchange· Lower water gate bottom elevation and construct circular deep channels inside the pond· Lower water gate bottom elevation
Shoal transformation· Proportion of shoals larger than 40%· Proportion of shoals between 20% ~ 40%· Proportion of shoals less than 20%
· Construct central shoals and islets, increase shoreline complexity, lower slopes, and clear existing islet vegetation· Transform internal embankments into shoals and islets· Partially lower embankments and clear vegetation to visually form shoals
Adaptive vegetation management· Clear invasive plants and non-native plants from the embankments· Clear invasive plants and non-native plants from the embankments· Clear invasive plants from the embankments
· Transplant native trees to create a vegetation pattern of lower and spaeser in the south to higher and denser in the north· Retain native trees as tree islets and prune the branches of tall trees· Clear aquatic plants like Phragmites australis within the fishpond
Disturbance control· Noise lower than 50 dB· Noise lower than 65 dB· Noise lower than 85 dB
· Expand and elevate the vegetation buffer through cutting-and-filling· Densely plant existing vegetation buffers partially· Deep channel as buffer zone instead of habitat for target waterbirds
Tab.5  Three levels of adaptive approaches for refined ecological restoration strategies
StrategyWater Surface ExpansionWater Level ControlHydrodynamic Conditions ImprovementShoal TransformationAdaptive Vegetation ManagementDisturbance Control
Fishpond No. 5High-adaptive approachHigh-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachHigh-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachHigh-adaptive approach
Fishpond No. 6Medium-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachLow-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approachLow-adaptive approach
Northern Freshwater PondLow-adaptive approachHigh-adaptive approachLow-adaptive approach
Typhoon Shelter PondHigh-adaptive approachHigh-adaptive approachMedium-adaptive approach
Tab.6  Ecological restoration plans for four fishponds
Fig.6  Restoration plan for Fishpond No. 5.
Fig.7  Section of restoration plan for Fishpond No. 5 ("i": slope; "FL": floor level; "BL": bottom level; "WL": water level).
Fig.8  Fishpond No. 5 before (left) and after (right) restoration.
Fig.9  Restoration outcome of Fishpond No. 5.
Fig.10  Fishpond No. 6 before (left) and after (right) restoration.
Fig.11  The Northern Freshwater Pond before restoration (left) and after restoration (right).
Fig.12  The Typhoon Shelter Pond before (left) and after (right) restoration.
Fig.13  Platalea minor recorded in Fishpond No. 5 after restoration.
Fig.14  Waterbirds in the Futian Mangrove Wetland after restoration.
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