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Prot Cell    0, Vol. Issue () : 189-201    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-011-1016-3      PMID: 21468891
REVIEW
Animal models for the atherosclerosis research: a review
Xiangdong Li(), Yuanwu Liu, Hua Zhang, Liming Ren, Qiuyan Li, Ning Li()
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its mechanisms are still unclear. However, various animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis and have allowed the evaluation of therapeutic options. The aim of this paper is to review those animal models (i.e., rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, avian, carnivores, swine, and, non-human primates) that have been used to study atherosclerosis. Though there is no single perfect animal model that completely replicates the stages of human atherosclerosis, cholesterol feeding and mechanical endothelial injury are two common features shared by most models of atherosclerosis. Further, with the development of genetically modified animals, these models are significantly broadening our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Keywords animal model      atherosclerosis     
Corresponding Author(s): Li Xiangdong,Email:xiangdongli@cau.edu.cn (X. Li); Li Ning,Email:ninglcau@cau.edu.cn (N. Li)   
Issue Date: 01 March 2011
 Cite this article:   
Xiangdong Li,Yuanwu Liu,Hua Zhang, et al. Animal models for the atherosclerosis research: a review[J]. Prot Cell, 0, (): 189-201.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/10.1007/s13238-011-1016-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/pac/EN/Y0/V/I/189
Fig.1  Pathology of atherosclerotic disease.
Classification of the six types of artery wall lesion, modified from Stary et al. (1995).
Fig.1  Pathology of atherosclerotic disease.
Classification of the six types of artery wall lesion, modified from Stary et al. (1995).
Fig.2  Comparisons between lipoprotein cholesterol distribution between several animal models and humans (; ; ). HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLOL, very low-density lipoprotein.
Fig.2  Comparisons between lipoprotein cholesterol distribution between several animal models and humans (; ; ). HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLOL, very low-density lipoprotein.
AnimalsAdvantagesDisadvantages
RabbitsNaturally LDL-receptor-deficient strain, naturally hypertriglyceridemic strain, good size, easy to keep and handle, known to many investigators, good response to dietary cholesterol, and availability of transgenic linesLesion locations less similar to those in man, the majority of circulating cholesterol is HDL, very high plasma cholesterol needed to induce atherosclerosis, no advanced lesions, hepatic lipase deficient, no spontaneous atherosclerosis, and cholesterol storage syndrome on cholesterol feeding
MiceWell-defined genetics, easy breeding, short generation time, inbred availability, easy handling and housing, and availability of several transgenic linesHighly resistant to atherogenesis, high HDL, no CETP, and difficulties in frequent blood sampling and dissection of medium/small-size vessels
RatsEasy handling and housing, several strains of rats with heritable hyperlipidemia (some of which are associated with atherogenesis), and transgenic rats overexpressing human CETP produce atherosclerosisHighly resistant to atherogenesis, high HDL, and no CETP
HamstersHave plasma CETP, could develop hypercholesterolemia and early atherosclerosis of fatty streaks and complex plaques after various duration of diet induction, and easy to handleThe inconsistent and unrepeatable results of aortic lesions
Guinea pigsThe majority of circulating cholesterol is LDL, possess CETP, lipoprotein lipase, and LCAT, resignficant atherogenic inflammation with increased aortic cytokinesNo advanced atherosclerotic lesions, antibodies involved in atherogenic inflammation are rarely available, and not a good surgical model
AvianAtherosclerosis-susceptible strains, location and progress of lesions similar to those in humans, low cost and easy handling, sufficient size, good response to dietary cholesterol, short generation time, and relatively long life spanNon-mammalian, lack of apoE, B48, and chylomicron formation, viral infection seen associated with atherosclerosis, and considerable changes in lipoprotein metabolism during egg-laying
DogsSome physiological/anatomical similarities to humans, well-characterized lipoprotein profile, hematologic and metabolic similarities to humans, extensive literature on blood pressure-altering drugs and drug interactions, and prosthetic devicesAtherosclerosis-resistant species, high HDL, expensive, no advanced atherosclerotic lesions, poor response to dietary cholesterol, ethical concerns, large amount of experimental agents needed, and spontaneous bacteremias and viral infections
SwineSome physiological/anatomical similarities to humans, spontaneous atherosclerosis particularly in abdominal aorta, availability of miniature pigs, natural lipoprotein mutant strains, advanced vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and surgical study of carotid artery stent techniquesHigh cholesterol diet (4%–5% w/w), longer time diet induction, very low baseline cholesterol level, difficulties in care, and high maintenance cost
Non-human primatesThe closest species to humans, some strains respond well to dietary cholesterol, spontaneous early stage atherosclerosis in some strains, familial LDL receptor de?ciency, and surgical angioplasty studySerious chronic kidney disease is the outcome of atherosclerosis research (resulting in high risk of premature death), variations in site of lesions, limited availability, expensive and difficult to house and handle, and ethical concerns
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