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Pharmacomicrobiomics: a novel route towards personalized medicine? |
Marwah Doestzada1,2, Arnau Vich Vila1,3, Alexandra Zhernakova1, Debby P. Y. Koonen2, Rinse K. Weersma3, Daan J. Touw4, Folkert Kuipers2,5, Cisca Wijmenga1,6, Jingyuan Fu1,2( ) |
1. Departments of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
2. Departments of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
3. Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
4. Departments of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
5. Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
6. K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway |
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Abstract Inter-individual heterogeneity in drug response is a serious problem that affects the patient’s wellbeing and poses enormous clinical and financial burdens on a societal level. Pharmacogenomics has been at the forefront of research into the impact of individual genetic background on drug response variability or drug toxicity, and recently the gut microbiome, which has also been called the second genome, has been recognized as an important player in this respect. Moreover, the microbiome is a very attractive target for improving drug efficacy and safety due to the opportunities to manipulate its composition. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that investigates the interplay of microbiome variation and drugs response and disposition (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). In this review, we provide a historical overview and examine current state-of-the-art knowledge on the complex interactions between gut microbiome, host and drugs. We argue that combining pharmacogenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics will provide an important foundation for making major advances in personalized medicine.
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| Keywords
gut microbiome
drug metabolism
personalized medicine
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Corresponding Author(s):
Jingyuan Fu
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Issue Date: 08 June 2018
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