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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (6) : 97    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1276-3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) mitigate combined toxicity of microplastic and lead on Ceriodaphnia dubia
Xuesong Liu1, Jianmin Wang1,2()
1. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
2. The Center for Research in Energy and Environment (CREE), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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Abstract

• Micro-plastics (MPs) significantly increase Pb toxicity.

• Algae reduce the combined toxicity of MP and Pb.

• The toxicity increase comes from high soluble Pb and MP-Pb uptake.

• The toxicity reduction might come from energy related pathway.

Microplastics (MPs) have been recognized as a new class of emerging contaminants in recent years. They not only directly impact aquatic organisms, but also indirectly impact these organisms by interacting with background toxins in the environment. Moreover, under realistic environmental conditions, algae, a natural food for aquatic organisms, may alter the toxicity pattern related to MPs. In this research, we first examined the toxicity of MPs alone, and their effect on the toxicity of lead (Pb) on Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia), a model aquatic organism for toxicity survey. Then, we investigated the effect of algae on the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb. We observed that, MPs significantly increased Pb toxicity, which was related to the increase in soluble Pb concentration and the intake of Pb-loaded MPs, both of which increased the accumulation of Pb in C. dubia. The presence of algae mitigated the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb, although algae alone increased Pb accumulation. Therefore, the toxicity mitigation through algae uptake came from mechanisms other than Pb accumulation, which will need further investigation.
Keywords Microplastic      Lead      Toxicity      Algae      C. dubia     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianmin Wang   
Issue Date: 09 June 2020
 Cite this article:   
Xuesong Liu,Jianmin Wang. Algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) mitigate combined toxicity of microplastic and lead on Ceriodaphnia dubia[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 97.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1276-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I6/97
Test type Solution series Solution composition
Toxicity 1 MP (0–200 mg/L)
2 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)
3 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)
4 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+MP (5 mg/L)
5 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+MP (10 mg/L)
6 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+MP (20 mg/L)
7 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)+MP (5 mg/L)
8 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)+MP (10 mg/L)
9 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)+MP (20 mg/L)
10 Pb (1,500–2,500 mg/L)+MP (20 mg/L); filtrate
Solubility 2 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)
3 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)
6 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+MP (20 mg/L)
9 Pb (0–2,500 mg/L)+Algae (1.8 × 105 cell/mL)+MP (20 mg/L)
Tab.1  Solution matrices for toxicity and solubility tests
Fig.1  The 24 h mortality of C. dubia in the presence of MPs. Photo was C. dubia from 24 h uptake with MP (20 mg/L). Standard deviation is represented by an error bar attached to each point (N = 4). The control test (without MP addition) exhibited a survival rate of greater than 90% (data not shown).
Fig.2  The effect of MPs on the toxicity of Pb as indicated by the 24 h mortality of C. dubia. Standard deviation is represented by an error bar attached to each point (N = 4).
Fig.3  MP and Pb interaction in the culture medium. (a) Soluble Pb concentration with and without different particles (MP= 20 mg/L; Algae= 1.8 × 105 cell/mL); (b) XPS survey spectra of MP surface after Pb adsorption (MP= 20 mg/L, Pb= 5,000 mg/L).
Fig.4  The toxicity of original MP+Pb test solution and the filtrate from the original test solution. The MP= 20 mg/L in the original test solution. Filtrate was collected by passing through 0.22 mm filter. Standard deviation is represented by an error bar attached to each point (N = 4).
Fig.5  The effect of 1.8 ? 105 cells/mL algae on the combined toxicity of MP and Pb indicated by the 24 h mortality of C. dubia. Standard deviation is represented by an error bar attached to each point (N = 4).
Fig.6  MP accumulation in C. dubia in Pb solution. Conditions of the exposure medium: [Pb] = 2,500 mg/L; MP= 20 mg/L. Photos were C. dubia from 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 h of exposure.
Fig.7  Pb accumulation in C. dubia body as effects of MP, with and without algae. Conditions of the exposure medium: [Pb] = 2,500 mg/L; MP= 20 mg/L; Algae= 1.8 × 105 cell/mL. * p<0.05 compared to Pb content at 2 h and 4 h for both Pb+MP and Pb+MP+Algae groups. Each point represents the average value of data (N = 2), error bar attached to each point represents the range of data.
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