Autophagy and the nutritional signaling pathway

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2016106

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2016, Vol. 3

Issue (3) : 222-230 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2016106

REVIEW

Autophagy and the nutritional signaling pathway

Long HE^1,²,Shabnam ESLAMFAM³,Xi MA^1,²(

),Defa LI¹(

)

¹. State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
². Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
³. College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA

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Abstract

During their growth and development, animals adapt to tremendous changes in order to survive. These include responses to both environmental and physiological changes and autophagy is one of most important adaptive and regulatory mechanisms. Autophagy is defined as an autolytic process to clear damaged cellular organelles and recycle the nutrients via lysosomic degradation. The process of autophagy responds to special conditions such as nutrient withdrawal. Once autophagy is induced, phagophores form and then elongate and curve to form autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then engulf cargo, fuse with endosomes, and finally fuse with lysosomes for maturation. During the initiation process, the ATG1/ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase 1) and VPS34 (which encodes a class III phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase) complexes are critical in recruitment and assembly of other complexes required for autophagy. The process of autophagy is regulated by autophagy related genes (ATGs). Amino acid and energy starvation mediate autophagy by activating mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is the energy status sensor, the core nutrient signaling component and the metabolic kinase of cells. This review mainly focuses on the mechanism of autophagy regulated by nutrient signaling especially for the two important complexes, ULK1 and VPS34.

Keywords Autophagy ULK1 complex VPS34 complex AMPK mTOR nutrient signaling

Corresponding Author(s): Xi MA,Defa LI

Just Accepted Date: 08 July 2016 Online First Date: 26 July 2016 Issue Date: 21 September 2016

Cite this article:

Long HE,Shabnam ESLAMFAM,Xi MA, et al. Autophagy and the nutritional signaling pathway[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2016, 3(3): 222-230.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2016106
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2016/V3/I3/222

Fig.1 Molecular mechanism of autophagosome initiation and maturation

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