The critical role of autophagy in plant responses to abiotic stresses

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2017130

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2017, Vol. 4

Issue (1) : 28-36 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2017130

REVIEW

The critical role of autophagy in plant responses to abiotic stresses

Yu WANG¹,Jie ZHOU^1,²(

),Jingquan YU^1,^2,³

¹. College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
². Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China
³. Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China

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Abstract

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved recycling process in eukaryotes whereby intracellular components are engulfed by autophagosomes, which are subsequently transferred to the vacuoles for further degradation and reuse. In organisms like yeast and metazoans, autophagy is actively engaged during environmental perturbation either by degrading denatured proteins and organelles or by interfacing with stress related signaling molecules. Studies over the last decade have also revealed numerous important mechanisms where autophagy is widely involved in plant abiotic stress responses. Autophagy serves as a pivotal route for nutrient remobilization by the degradation of superfluous or damaged cellular cytoplasmic material and organelles. It is also reported to regulate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, to maintain the cellular redox balance of plants under stressful conditions. Furthermore, autophagy is essential in regulating cellular toxicity by removing aggregated and/or denatured proteins and thereby improving plant stress tolerance. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of autophagy, along with pathways and regulatory networks through which it influences many aspects of plant growth and development in response to nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, osmotic stress and extreme temperatures are discussed.

Keywords abiotic stresses autophagy extreme temperature nutrient starvation osmotic stress oxidative stress

Corresponding Author(s): Jie ZHOU

Just Accepted Date: 20 January 2017 Online First Date: 20 February 2017 Issue Date: 06 March 2017

Cite this article:

Yu WANG,Jie ZHOU,Jingquan YU. The critical role of autophagy in plant responses to abiotic stresses[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(1): 28-36.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2017130
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2017/V4/I1/28

Fig.1 Schematic representation of induction of autophagy by nutrient starvation in plants. When plants are exposed to deprived nutrient conditions, the activity of TOR is inhibited and subsequently promotes Atg13 association with Atg1 and Atg11 to induce formation of autophagy for engulfing cellular components including mitochondria, RCBs and fragments of ER, and then transfers them to the vacuole for degradation by hydrolases for nutrient reutilization. Atg, autophagy-related gene; P, phosphate group; TOR, targets of rapamycin; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; RCBs, Rubisco-containing bodies; M, mitochondria; U, ubiquitin; NBR1, neighbor of the BRCA1 gene; VPS, vacuolar-protein-sorting.

Fig.2 A proposed model for the role and regulation of plant autophagy in response to osmotic, oxidative and extreme temperature stresses. Abiotic stresses, such as osmotic stress, oxidative stress and extreme temperature, increase the activity of TFs, the content of stress response hormones, the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasm, the production of ROS and the accumulation of denatured and unfolded proteins. ROS can act as signaling molecules to activate autophagy, MAPKs and Ca²⁺, which in turn activates ROS. Excessive ROS further induces accumulation of oxidized proteins that are then ubiquitinated. In addition, TFs bind to the promoters of ATG genes and directly regulate their expression to induce the formation of autophagosomes to engulf the ubiquitinated proteins for breakdown by hydrolase in the vacuole. The potential regulation of autophagy by hormones, Ca²⁺ and MAPKs is shown in this model. TFs, transcription factors; autophagy-related genes; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases.

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