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Multiple effects of grape seed polyphenolics to prevent metabolic diseases |
Torey ARVIK1, Hyunsook KIM2, James SEIBER3, Wallace YOKOYAMA4() |
1. Sonomaceuticals/WholeVine Product LLC, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA 2. Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea 3. Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 4. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA |
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Abstract Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.
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Keywords
grape seed
obesity
procyanidins
high fat
microbiota
animal models
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Corresponding Author(s):
Wallace YOKOYAMA
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Online First Date: 19 July 2018
Issue Date: 31 July 2018
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