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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 9 Issue (4) : 588-601    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021422
REVIEW
IMPROVING FERTILIZATION METHODS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) IN WEST AFRICA: A REVIEW
Philippe YAMEOGO, Saturnin ZIGANI, Xiaoqiang JIAO, Hongyan ZHANG(), Junling ZHANG()
Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Abstract

● Constraints in cultivation and production of pearl millet in West Africa are summarized.

● Production systems and fertilization methods in pearl millet production are highlighted.

● Sustainable production needs integrated cropping systems and fertilizer use efficiency.

● A holistic approach is required to establish a strong collaboration among rural actors.

West African countries are among the larger global millet producers but have low yields mainly due to the low quality of their marginal soils. The objectives of this work were to analyze the benefits and constraints of pearl millet production, to summarize the impact of different cropping systems and fertilization modes while proposing a holistic approach for sustainable production. The major constraints on millet yields are low rates or absence of fertilizers, unsuitable cropping systems, and the proliferation of pests and diseases. Intercropping with cowpea is a widely used cropping system in addition to crop rotation, monocropping and agroforestry systems. Microdosing is the best fertilization mode for West African smallholders. It is concluded that integrated systems (breeding new cultivars, intercropping and microdosing) in tied ridges or infiltration pit practices, sustained by the implementation of innovative approaches such as the ‘Science and Technology Backyards’ from China are a promising approach for increasing pearl millet production. In addition, policies such as land protection of the farmers and subsidies of inputs from the government and the effective involvement of farmers and extension officers are necessary in sustaining millet production in West Africa.
Keywords integrated management system      pearl millet      Science and Technology Backyard      West Africa     
Corresponding Author(s): Hongyan ZHANG,Junling ZHANG   
Just Accepted Date: 09 September 2021   Online First Date: 09 October 2021    Issue Date: 07 November 2022
 Cite this article:   
Philippe YAMEOGO,Saturnin ZIGANI,Xiaoqiang JIAO, et al. IMPROVING FERTILIZATION METHODS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) IN WEST AFRICA: A REVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(4): 588-601.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021422
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I4/588
Crop Calcium (mg) Energy (kcal) Iron (mg) Lipid (g) Niacin (mg) Protein (g) Riboflavin (mg) Thiamine (mg)
Maize 3 368 1.3 1 1.0 9.4 0.08 0.26
Pearl millet 22 341 3 4 1.7 10.4 0.22 0.3
Rice 4 361 0.5 1 1.5 6.5 0.02 0.08
Sorghum 26 345 4.5 3.2 3.3 10.7 0.15 0.34
Wheat 15 341 1.5 1.3 0.7 9.4 0.03 0.10
Tab.1  Nutrient content in 100 g of selected cereals
Fig.1  Top 10 millet-producing countries/regions: (a) millet production and (b) millet yields. Data sourced from FAOSTAT 2019[2].
Fig.2  Global pearl millet yield evolution from 2009 to 2018. Data sourced from FAOSTAT 2019[2].
Pests and disease Impact on millet production Reference
Pests Millet stem borer Yield losses ranged from 15% to total poor harvest [44,45]
Millet spike worms Causes up to 85% losses in grain yield [46]
Weeds It is one of the significant factors responsible for the decline in millet yields It also infests more than 40% of cereal production areas and causes a loss of yield of between 90% and 100% in some years [5,47]
Birds These species are polyphages and the percentages of damage on millet vary from 10% to 30% and sometimes more, especially on early cultivars that ripen before others. [41]
Diseases Downy mildew Disease incidence up to 90% is often recorded in farmers’ field depending on location and specific cultivar Yield losses in the range of 20%–40% [48,49]
Millet smut Yield losses amount to 30% [50]
Millet ergot Its infection causes loss in seed yield, seed quality, germination, and seedling emergence. Grain yield loss has been estimated to be as high as 58%–70% in hybrids [51]
Tab.2  Important pests and diseases in pearl millet and their damage in West Africa
Main constraints Percentage of main constraints per country
Burkina Faso Mali Niger
Low seed availability 50% 8% 49%
No insect resistance 13% 8% −
Late cultivar maturity 11% 15% 16%
Low cultivar yield 9% 12% 18%
Low drought resistance 2% 17% −
High seed costs 1.66% − 7%
Tab.3  Percentage of main constraints of non-adoption of pearl millet improved cultivars in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger
Country Formulation process or agroecological zone Nutrients recommended (kg·ha−1) Material or fertilizer formulations that should be applied to achieve the nutrient levels of the main recommendation Source
Mali Field trials 31 N, 8.5 P2O5, 8.5 K2O NPK 17:17:17 (50 kg·ha−1) + urea (50 kg·ha−1) [69]
Field trials 31 N, 8.5 P2O5, 8.5 K2O, 2 S NPK 17:17:17 + 4 S (50 kg·ha−1) + urea (50 kg·ha−1)
Field trial 7.35 N, 16.1 P2O5 DAP microdosing (35 kg·ha−1)
Optimization function for maximum profit per hectare 8.5 N, 3.9 P2O5, 3.9 K2O NPK 15:15:15 in microdosing (26 kg·ha−1) + urea (10 kg·ha−1)
Nigeria Sahel 60 N NPK 20:10:20 (300 kg·ha−1) or urea (131 kg·ha−1) or CAN (261kg·ha−1) [70]
Sudan 30 P2O5 SSP (167 kg·ha−1)
Northern Guinea 30 K2O MOP (50 kg·ha−1)
Southern Guinea 30 N urea (65 kg·ha−1) or CAN (115kg·ha−1) or NPK 20-10-10 (150 kg·ha−1)
Savanna and forest 15 K2O MOP (25 kg·ha−1)
Tab.4  Recommended fertilizers for pearl millet production in Mali and Nigeria
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