HARNESSING ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIVERSIFYING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: EXPERIENCE FROM STUDIES DEPLOYING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN SCOTLAND

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2021437

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 9

Issue (2) : 214-237 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021437

REVIEW

HARNESSING ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIVERSIFYING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: EXPERIENCE FROM STUDIES DEPLOYING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN SCOTLAND

Timothy S. GEORGE(

), Cathy HAWES, Tracy A. VALENTINE, Alison J. KARLEY, Pietro P. M. IANNETTA, Robin W. BROOKER

Ecological Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK

Download: PDF(6772 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

● Diversification enhances nature-based contributions to cropping system functions.

● Soil management to improve production and ecosystem function has variable outcomes.

● Management of the production-system to use legacy nutrients will reduce inputs.

● Intercrops, companion crops and cover crops improve ecological sustainability.

● Sustainable interventions within value chains are essential to future-proof agriculture.

To achieve the triple challenge of food security, reversing biodiversity declines plus mitigating and adapting to climate change, there is a drive to embed ecological principles into agricultural, value-chain practices and decision-making. By diversifying cropping systems at several scales there is potential to decrease reliance on inputs, provide resilience to abiotic and biotic stress, enhance plant, microbe and animal biodiversity, and mitigate against climate change. In this review we highlight the research performed in Scotland over the past 5 years into the impact of the use of ecological principles in agriculture on sustainability, resilience and provision of ecosystem functions. We demonstrate that diversification of the system can enhance ecosystem functions. Soil and plant management interventions, including nature-based solutions, can also enhance soil quality and utilization of legacy nutrients. Additionally, this is facilitated by greater reliance on soil biological processes and trophic interactions. We highlight the example of intercropping with legumes to deliver sustainability through ecological principles and use legumes as an exemplar of the innovation. We conclude that there are many effective interventions that can be made to deliver resilient, sustainable, and diverse agroecosystems for crop and food production, and these may be applicable in any agroecosystem.

Keywords diversification ecological principles legumes plant management soil management soil ecosystem services

Corresponding Author(s): Timothy S. GEORGE

Just Accepted Date: 23 March 2022 Online First Date: 26 April 2022 Issue Date: 25 May 2022

Cite this article:

Timothy S. GEORGE,Cathy HAWES,Tracy A. VALENTINE, et al. HARNESSING ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIVERSIFYING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: EXPERIENCE FROM STUDIES DEPLOYING NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN SCOTLAND[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 214-237.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021437
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I2/214

Ecological target	Target interventions	Benefits	Trade-offs	References
Enhanced within-field diversity	•Farmer/grower tolerance of weeds •Companion cropping •Diverse margins	Enhanced resource use efficiency, system resilience to stress, maintained crop productivity, reduced herbivory and disease, improved food web, more functional diversity, reduced agrochemical input, more pollinators, improved N fixation and AMF symbiosis, more earthworms and decomposition. See also benefits of non-chemical weed control below	Potential for competitive weeds to establish	[2–13]
Non-chemical weed control	•Late sowingcrops •Stale seed bed •Increased seed rate •Weed-competitive •Mechanical weed reduction	Improved N fixation by legume weeds, retention of nutrients in weed biomass, reduced pollution of agrochemicals, diversity of carbon inputs to soil, more diverse food web supporting regulating ecosystem functions	Labor intensive weed control	[14,15]
Integrated pest and pathogen management	•Increased habitat diversity •More abundant/diverse natural enemies •Higher crop diversity •Pesticide alternatives	Insect pest suppression, reduced pesticide use, maintained crop productivity, reduced herbivory and disease, more diverse food web, more functional diversity, reduced agrochemical input, more abundant/diverse pollinators	Differential effects of abiotic stress on trophic levels could disrupt pest controlEmergence of biocontrol-resistant pest variants	[16–21]
Diversified cropping with legumes	•Legumes in rotations •Understory sowing •Intercropping	Diversification of the supply chain increasing resilience to global shocks, reduced inputs of nutrients (particularly N), enhanced nutritional security, provision of alternative to animal protein, reduced imports of environmentally damaging grain legume production from some regions	Under yielding of legumes and slow breeding progress	[2–7,22,23]
Cover cropping	•Autumn/winter soil cover •Soil cover between rows	Reduced erosion and loss of nutrients in winter, greater recycling of nutrients, reduced input of fertilizer, improved habitat diversity to support food web	Use of soil to produce a crop without a harvestable product. If utilizing potential for developing biorefining or green manure-loss of beneficial processes	[12]
Reduced tillage	•Fewer cultivations •Non-inversion tillage •Zero cultivation •Zero traffic	Improved soil physical conditions (in the long-term), improved water retention and release, increased C sequestration (variable results), improved AMF networks, maintenance of biopores, stratification of resources in the root zone	Reduced yield, abiotic stress. Acidification of root zone. Change in weed burden	[24,25]
Use of legacy nutrients	•Reduced fertilizer inputs •Nutrient efficient genotypes •Inoculation with AMF, PGPR	Greater cycling of nutrients, stimulation of rooting traits, positive impacts on microbiome function associated with plants and other organisms, improved stoichiometric balance of soil	Interference of complex trophic interactions.Carbon loss to priming of nutrients.	[26]
Use of alternative organic fertilisers and carbon addition	•Compost•Green manure•Animal manure•Seaweed•Rock phosphate•Sewage sludge•Biochar	Reduced need for fertilizer input, immobilization of excess and toxic elements, reduced pollution of water and atmosphere by GHG, combinations of sources can help manage stoichiometry and toxic element availability, increased microbial activity/soil biological processes	Immobilization of nutrients.Release of C as CO₂Transportation costs (economics and environmental).Addition of toxic elements	[27–35]
Reliance on microbial function	•Recruitment of Functional rhizosphere microbiome •Mycorrhizal inoculation •Rhizobia inoculation	Reduced need for fertilizer inputs, enhanced pest, and pathogen resistance, increased nutrient use efficiency and use of legacy nutrients, potential for reduced GHG emissions and enhanced C sequestration, stimulation of rooting traits	Potential for promotion of antagonistic or pathogenic microbes	[28,36–44]
Adaptation of crop genotypes	•Nutrient use efficiency •Pest and pathogen resistance •Interactions with microbiome •Adaptation to tillage practice •Enhanced C dynamics •Weed tolerance	Reductions in inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and traffic; tolerance to insect pests and pathogen; tolerance to weed understory; increased nutrient use efficiency; increased tolerance to reduced tillage; selection of beneficial microbial interactions (AMF); altered C dynamics promoting priming or sequestration; adaptation to growing in mixed systems such as intercropping	Negative interaction between cycling of legacy nutrients and sequestration of carbon.Trade-off between traits benefitting monoculture and mixed cropping systems	[44–52]

Tab.1 Summary of benefits and trade-offs of major ecological target interventions in cropping systems designed to enhance sustainability

Fig.1 Network diagram of interactions necessary for applying ecological principles to sustainable agriculture. Sustainable management of agroecosystems capitalizes on the ecosystem functions resulting from the complex ecological network of interactions within diversified agroecosystems. Adopting integrative approaches to promoting diversity maintains long-term ecological functioning, including soil quality, nutrient, carbon and water cycles, primary production, microbe-plant associations, pest and pathogen regulation, pollination and arable food web resilience, thereby enhancing crop production while relying less on agrochemical inputs. These influences and interdependencies between different elements of the field-scale agroecological system are illustrated in this figure, summarized as follows:Organic matter inputs and internally generated sources of organic matter increase SOC, providing resources for detritivores and microorganisms and improving soil biophysical structure (1);Reduced tillage also improves soil structure both directly by less disturbance and indirectly through the enhanced bioturbation effects of earthworms and the binding properties of fungal hyphae and roots (2). The increased soil microbial biomass (3) enhances nutrient turnover through decomposition processes and includes a diversity of functional groups, for example, growth promoting bacteria that produce enzymes and antioxidants, AMF and rhizobia that enhance P uptake and N capture and antagonists which reduce pathogen pressure;Cover crops can be used to reduce losses over winter and release nutrients to the following crop which also benefits from improved soil structure particularly in reduced tillage systems (4). Efficient nutrient uptake leads better resilience to pests and pathogens and competitive ability against weeds, resulting in less reliance on crop protection chemicals (5). Healthy crops also provide better quality resource to pollinating insects (5) bringing further benefit to crop yields;Crop diversification, including co-cropping, intercropping, companion planting and rotation diversity (6), improves the efficiency of production in low-input systems through resource complementarity leading to more efficient nutrient uptake, better quality of carbon inputs to the soil and also through a reduction in weed, pest and pathogen pressure; and finallyNative plant biodiversity (weeds flora and seminatural habitats (7)) increases the activity of natural enemies and pollinators, reducing pest pressure and increasing yield and quality of insect pollinated crops.Utilizing the complementarities and synergisms between all of these components of agroecosystems represents a potential nature-based solution to the conflict between food production and environmental protection and has the potential to enhance sustainable food production alongside biodiversity conservation and environmental protection (reproduced by kind permission of CABI Reviews)^[⁵⁴^].

Fig.2 Centre for Sustainable Cropping: a long-term platform to assess within-field species and functional diversity for multiple benefits. The picture is reproduced with permission from the James Hutton Institute. The Centre for Sustainable Cropping, based at Balruddery Farm near Dundee, Scotland is a long-term experimental platform established in 2009 with the goal to design and test an integrated cropping system for multiple benefits. Best practice options are combined in the integrated system to optimize crop yield, biodiversity and ecosystem services, while reducing the environmental footprint of crop production by minimizing agrochemical inputs and the loss of non-renewable resources. The Centre for Sustainable Cropping comprises a 42 ha block of fields in a six-course rotation of potato, winter wheat, winter barley, winter oilseed rape, faba beans and spring barley, in a split-field design with a 6-m wide grass buffer strip separating the two treatments: the integrated system (Int) in one field half is compared directly against standard commercial practice (Com) for each crop in the other.

Tab.2 Integrated management: combining proven best practice options into a single cropping system

Fig.3 Variation in soil physical properties in response to soil tillage, across three different depths, in Mid-Pilmore Tillage trial. Physical properties are affected differently depending on the tillage system used, depth of the cultivation and depth at which the soil sample is taken. At 2–7 cm sampling depth, the no-tillage samples separate from the more disturbed plots, and at 25–30 cm sampling depth, no-tillage and inversion plow with compaction diverge.

Fig.4 Complexity of the below ground environment and influence of trophic interactions: ① earthworms create biochemical and physical niches. Linkages between microorganisms are able to exploit soil pore space and aggregate organization. Protozoa and bacteria degrade larger molecules that nematodes would otherwise cannot degrade due to physically or biochemically limitations. Small molecules disperse more readily in pore water microsites. ② Root hairs increase plant root exudation and create physical niches for biological interactions. Plant-bacteria-protozoa priming establish a beneficial nutrient loop. ③ Phosphatases (in this picture phytases) are released by mycorrhizae, bacteria, plant roots and nematodes, hydrolyze complex phosphorus molecules, increasing biological availability of P. ④ A mineralization hotspot where a nematode community and bacteria release phosphorus, nematodes translocate nutrients and bacteria to the plant in the absence of roots. ⑤ Top-down process from the plant induced hormonally, benefits from mycorrhizae and bacteria mineralization. ⑥ Lateral mediating process from nematodes to bacteria to protozoa create both hormonal and mineralization hotspots, herbivory increases root exudation and nutrients are exchanged between plant and organisms. ⑦ Protozoa create a hormonal hotspot which increases lateral root growth. Mobile organisms such as collembola migrate, generating crosstalk with neighboring microcommunities, and other nutrient processing tools. ⑧ Bottom-up stimulation from bacteria and protozoa in a phosphorus surplus zone create a hormonal hotspot which promotes plant root growth which benefits microbial community^[³⁸^].

Fig.5 This schematic diagram highlights the cornerstone role which legume crops have in the functional diversification of cropping systems, and delivering improved ecosystem services, especially provisioning and regulating services. Two distinct functional forms of legume crops (green text boxes), are highlighted (i.e., woody legumes are not accounted here). These two dominant forms mediate the delivery of an important complex array of nutritionals and non-nutritionals as key ecosystem provisions (peach text box). These include secondary metabolites, other bioactives and structural elements (e.g., fiber) that affect soil functions (yellow text box) and regulate of key chemical cycles (e.g., nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, water via N-leaching, carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases), and other ecosystem functions such as human and animal well-being and health, including biodiversity and natural, and low-input means, wherever possible, of pest control (blue text box). The diagram also aims to emphasize the increasing role of biorefining-based approaches means by the utility of legume use may be rendered more commercially competitive. Collectively, the more effective management of legumes from cropping and processing to marketing and consumption can help achieve better human, organismal and, thereby, ecosystem functions, where greater natural resource and capital use efficiency is achieved in a circular-economic mode through transformational optimizing of renewable (i.e., biologically fixed) nitrogen use and management.

1	R W, Brooker T S, George Z, Homulle A J, Karley A C, Newton R J, Pakeman C Schöb . Facilitation and biodiversity– ecosystem function relationships in crop production systems and their role in sustainable farming. Journal of Ecology, 2021, 109( 5): 2054–2067 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13592
2	M O, Martin-Guay A, Paquette J, Dupras D Rivest . The new Green Revolution: sustainable intensification of agriculture by intercropping. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 615 : 767–772 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.024
3	A J, Karley A C, Newton R W, Brooker R J, Pakeman D, Guy C, Mitchell P P M, Iannetta M, Weih C, Scherber L Kiær . DIVERSify-ing for sustainability using cereal-legume ‘plant teams’. Aspects of Applied Biology, 2018, 138 : 57–62
4	C, Li E, Hoffland T W, Kuyper Y, Yu C, Zhang H, Li F, Zhang der Werf W van . Syndromes of production in intercropping impact yield gains. Nature Plants, 2020, 6(6): 653–660
5	C, Li E, Hoffland T W, Kuyper Y, Yu H, Li C, Zhang F, Zhang der Werf W van . Yield gain, complementarity and competitive dominance in intercropping in China: a meta-analysis of drivers of yield gain using additive partitioning. European Journal of Agronomy, 2020, 113: 125987
6	J, Brandmeier H, Reininghaus S, Pappagallo A J, Karley L P, Kiær C Scherber . Intercropping in high input agriculture supports arthropod diversity without risking significant yield losses. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2021, 53 : 26–38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.02.011
7	M, Weih A J, Karley A C, Newton L P, Kiær C, Scherber D, Rubiales E, Adam J, Ajal J, Brandmeier S, Pappagallo A, Villegas-Fernández M, Reckling S Tavoletti . Grain yield stability of cereal-legume intercrops is greater than sole crops in more productive conditions. Agriculture, 2021, 11( 3): 255 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030255
8	C, Carvell W R, Meek R F, Pywell D, Goulson M Nowakowski . Comparing the efficacy of agri-environment schemes to enhance bumble bee abundance and diversity on arable field margins. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 44( 1): 29–40 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01249.x
9	L D, Simba S H, Foord E, Thebault Veen F J F, van G S, Joseph C L Seymour . Indirect interactions between crops and natural vegetation through flower visitors: the importance of temporal as well as spatial spill over. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2018, 253 : 148–156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.002
10	S, Gaba R, Perronne G, Fried A, Gardarin F, Bretagnolle L, Biju‐Duval N, Colbach S, Cordeau M, Fernández‐Aparicio C, Gauvrit S, Gibot‐Leclerc J P, Guillemin D, Moreau N, Munier-Jolain F, Strbik X Reboud . Response and effect traits of arable weeds in agro‐ecosystems: a review of current knowledge. Weed Research, 2017, 57( 3): 123–147 https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12245
11	J, Storkey D B Westbury . Managing arable weeds for biodiversity. Pest Management Science, 2007, 63( 6): 517–523 https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1375
12	R J, Pakeman R W, Brooker A J, Karley A C, Newton C, Mitchell R L, Hewison J, Pollenus D C, Guy C Schöb . Increased crop diversity reduces the functional space available for weeds. Weed Research, 2020, 60( 2): 121–131 https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12393
13	T, Cheriere M, Lorin G Corre-Hellou . Species choice and spatial arrangement in soybean-based intercropping: levers that drive yield and weed control. Field Crops Research, 2020, 256 : 107923 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107923
14	M Liebman . Weed management: a need for ecological approaches. In: Liebman M, Mohler C L, Staver C P, eds. Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 1–39
15	P Kanatas . Mini-review: the role of crop rotation intercropping sowing dates and increased crop density towards a sustainable crop and weed management in arable crops. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2020, 31( 1): 22–27
16	A J, Karley J W, Pitchford A E, Douglas W E, Parker J J Howardh . The causes and processes of the mid-summer population crash of the potato aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2003, 93( 5): 425–438 https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003252
17	A J, Karley W E, Parker J W, Pitchford A E Douglas . The mid-season crash in aphid population: why and how does it occur. Ecological Entomology, 2004, 29( 4): 383–388 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00624.x
18	R K, Humphreys G D, Ruxton A J Karley . Drop when the stakes are high: adaptive, flexible use of dropping behaviour by aphids. Behaviour, 2021, 158( 7): 603–623 https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10083
19	S, Polin J C, Simon Y Outreman . An ecological cost associated with protective symbionts of aphids. Ecology and Evolution, 2014, 4( 6): 826–830 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.991
20	A H, Smith P, Łukasik M P, O’Connor A, Lee G, Mayo M T, Drott S, Doll R, Tuttle R A, Disciullo A, Messina K M, Oliver J A Russell . Patterns, causes and consequences of defensive microbiome dynamics across multiple scales. Molecular Ecology, 2015, 24( 5): 1135–1149 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13095
21	J M, Slater L, Gilbert D, Johnson A J Karley . Limited effects of the maternal rearing environment on the behaviour and fitness of an insect herbivore and its natural enemy. PLoS One, 2019, 14( 1): e0209965 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209965
22	L, Bedoussac E P, Journet H, Hauggaard-Nielsen C, Naudin G, Corre-Hellou E S, Jensen L, Prieur E Justes . Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015, 35( 3): 911–935 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0277-7
23	R J, Cowden A N, Shah L M, Lehmann L P, Kiær C B, Henriksen B B Ghaley . Nitrogen fertilizer effects on pea–barley intercrop productivity compared to sole crops in Denmark. Sustainability, 2020, 12( 22): 9335 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229335
24	A C, Newton T A, Valentine B M, McKenzie T S, George D C, Guy C A Hackett . Identifying spring barley cultivars with differential response to tillage. Agronomy, 2020, 10( 5): 686 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050686
25	B M, McKenzie R, Stobart J L, Brown T S, George N, Morris A C, Newton T A, Valentine P D Hallett . Platforms to test and demonstrate sustainable soil management: integration of major UK field experiments. AHDB Final Report RD-2012–3786, Technical Report. ResearchGate, 2017, PR574
26	L, Gatiboni G, Brunetto P S, Pavinato T George . Legacy phosphorus in agriculture: role of past management and perspectives for the future. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2020, 8 : 619935 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.619935
27	Z, Xu M, Qu S, Liu Y, Duan X, Wang L K, Brown T S, George L, Zhang G Feng . Carbon addition reduces labile soil phosphorus by increasing microbial biomass phosphorus in intensive agricultural systems. Soil Use and Management, 2020, 36( 3): 536–546 https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12585
28	F, Fan B, Yu B, Wang T S, George H, Yin D, Xu D, Li A Song . Microbial mechanisms of the contrast residue decomposition and priming effect in soils with different organic and chemical fertilization histories. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2019, 135 : 213–221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.05.001
29	L K, Brown M, Blanz J, Wishart B, Dieterich S B, Schmidt J, Russell P, Martin T S George . Is Bere barley specifically adapted to fertilisation with seaweed as a nutrient source? Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2020, 118(2): 149–163
30	L K, Brown C, Kazas J, Stockan C, Hawes M, Stutter C M, Ryan G R, Squire T S George Is green manure from riparian buffer strip species an effective nutrient source for crops? Journal of Environmental Quality, 2019, 48(2): 385–393
31	G D O, Mendes J, Bahri-Esfahani L, Csetenyi S, Hillier T S, George G M Gadd . Chemical and physical mechanisms of fungal bioweathering of rock phosphate. Geomicrobiology Journal, 2021, 38( 5): 384–394 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2020.1863525
32	M, Teodoro L, Trakal B N, Gallagher P, Šimek P, Soudek M, Pohořelý L, Beesley L, Jačka M, Kovář S, Seyedsadr D Mohan . Application of co-composted biochar significantly improved plant-growth relevant physical/chemical properties of a metal contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 2020, 242 : 125255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125255
33	L, Trakal I, Raya-Moreno K, Mitchell L Beesley . Stabilization of metal(loid)s in two contaminated agricultural soils: comparing biochar to its non-pyrolysed source material. Chemosphere, 2017, 181 : 150–159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.064
34	K, Mitchell L, Trakal H, Sillerova F J, Avelar-González A L, Guerrero-Barrera R, Hough L Beesley . Mobility of As, Cr and Cu in a contaminated grassland soil in response to diverse organic amendments; a sequential column leaching experiment. Applied Geochemistry, 2018, 88 : 95–102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.05.020
35	K, Mitchell E, Moreno-Jimenez R, Jones L, Zheng L, Trakal R, Hough L Beesley . Mobility of arsenic, chromium and copper arising from soil application of stabilised aggregates made from contaminated wood ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 393 : 122479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122479
36	F, Zheng D, Zhu M, Giles T, Daniell R, Neilson Y G, Zhu X R Yang . Mineral and organic fertilization alters the microbiome of a soil nematode Dorylaimus stagnalis and its resistome. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 680 : 70–78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.384
37	Y, Cheng Y, Jiang Y, Wu T A, Valentine H Li . Soil nitrogen status modifies rice root response to nematode-bacteria interactions in the rhizosphere. PLoS One, 2016, 11( 2): e0148021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148021
38	M M, Mezeli S, Page T S, George R, Neilson A, Mead M S A, Blackwell P M Haygarth . Using a meta-analysis approach to understand complexity in soil biodiversity and phosphorus acquisition in plants. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2020, 142 : 107695 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107695
39	G, Boilard R L, Bradley E, Paterson A, Sim L K, Brown T S, George L, Bainard A Carubba . Interaction between root hairs and soil phosphorus on rhizosphere priming of soil organic matter. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2019, 135 : 264–266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.05.013
40	S, Robertson-Albertyn Terrazas R, Alegria K, Balbirnie M, Blank A, Janiak I, Szarejko B, Chmielewska J, Karcz J, Morris P E, Hedley T S, George D Bulgarelli . Root hair mutations displace the barley rhizosphere microbiota. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8 : 1094 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01094
41	J, Zhou X, Chai L, Zhang T S, George F, Wang G Feng . Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on a single plant root system recruit distinct microbiomes. mSystems, 2020, 5( 6): e00929-20 https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00929-20
42	F, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhou T S, George G Feng . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance mineralisation of organic phosphorus by carrying bacteria along their extraradical hyphae. New Phytologist, 2021, 230( 1): 304–315 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17081
43	E, Paterson A, Sim J, Davidson T J Daniell . Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae promote priming of native soil organic matter mineralisation. Plant and Soil, 2016, 408( 1−2): 243–254 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2928-8
44	L, Mwafulirwa E M, Baggs J, Russell T, George N, Morley A, Sim la Fuente Cantó C, de E Paterson . Barley genotype influences stabilization of rhizodeposition-derived C and soil organic matter mineralization. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2016, 95 : 60–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.011
45	J E, Cope G J, Norton T S, George A C Newton . Identifying potential novel resistance to the foliar disease ‘Scald’(Rhynchosporium commune) in a population of Scottish Bere barley landrace (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2021, 128( 4): 999–1012 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00470-x
46	D J, Leybourne T A, Valentine J A H, Robertson E, Pérez-Fernández A M, Main A J, Karley J I B Bos . Defence gene expression and phloem quality contribute to mesophyll and phloem resistance to aphids in wild barley. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2019, 70( 15): 4011–4026 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz163
47	J E, Cope J, Russell G J, Norton T S, George A C Newton . Assessing the variation in manganese use efficiency traits in Scottish barley landrace Bere (Hordeum vulgare L.). Annals of Botany, 2020, 126( 2): 289–300 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa079
48	S B, Schmidt T S, George L K, Brown A, Booth J, Wishart P E, Hedley P, Martin J, Russell S Husted . Ancient barley landraces adapted to marginal soils demonstrate exceptional tolerance to manganese limitation. Annals of Botany, 2019, 123( 5): 831–843 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy215
49	S, Ruiz N, Koebernick S, Duncan D M, Fletcher C, Scotson A, Boghi M, Marin A G, Bengough T S, George L K, Brown P D, Hallett T Roose . Significance of root hairs at the field scale-modelling root water and phosphorus uptake under different field conditions. Plant and Soil, 2020, 447( 1): 281–304 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04308-2
50	L, Kiær C, Scherber J, Brandmeier S, Papagallo A C, Newton A J Karley . Breeding for crop mixtures: opportunities and challenges. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Crop Diversification: Book of Abstracts. Budapest: Zenodo, 2019, 18–21
51	L P, Kiær N R Boesen . Trait plasticity and G×E challenges when breeding for mixture-ideotypes. In: Baćanović-Šišić J, Dennenmoser D, Finckh M R, eds. Proceedings of the EUCARPIA Symposium on Breeding for Diversification 2018. Witzenhausen: EUCARPIA, 2018, 3–6
52	H M, Schneider J P Lynch . Should root plasticity be a crop breeding target? Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020, 11: 546
53	C, Schöb R W, Brooker D Zuppinger-Dingley . Evolution of facilitation requires diverse communities. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2( 9): 1381–1385 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0623-2
54	C, Hawes P P M, Iannetta G R Squire . Agroecological practices for whole-system sustainability. Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2021, 16( 5): 5 https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116005
55	C, Hawes M, Young G, Banks G, Begg A, Christie P P M, Iannetta A J, Karley G R Squire . Whole-systems analysis of environmental and economic sustainability in arable cropping systems: a case study. Agronomy, 2019, 9( 8): 438 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080438
56	C, Hawes C J, Alexander G S, Begg P P M, Iannetta A J, Karley G R, Squire M Young . Plant responses to an integrated cropping system designed to maintain yield whilst enhancing soil properties and biodiversity. Agronomy, 2018, 8( 10): 229 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100229
57	C Hawes . Assessing the impact of management interventions in agroecological and conventional cropping systems using indicators of sustainability. In: Wezel A, ed. Agroecological Practices for Sustainable Agriculture: Principles, Applications, and Making the Transition. London: Imperial College Press, 2017, 229–262
58	S, Freitag S R, Verrall S D A, Pont D, McRae J A, Sungurtas R, Palau C, Hawes C J, Alexander J W, Allwood A, Foito D, Stewart L V T Shepherd . Impact of conventional and integrated management systems on the water-soluble vitamin content in potatoes, field beans, and cereals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66( 4): 831–841 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03509
59	C, Hawes G S, Begg P P M, Iannetta A J, Karley G R Squire . A whole-systems approach for assessing measures to improve arable ecosystem sustainability. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2016, 2( 12): e01252 https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1252
60	R W, Brooker A E, Bennett W F, Cong T J, Daniell T S, George P D, Hallett C, Hawes P P M, Iannetta H G, Jones A J, Karley L, Li B M, McKenzie R J, Pakeman E, Paterson C, Schöb J, Shen G, Squire C A, Watson C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang P J White . Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. New Phytologist, 2015, 206( 1): 107–117 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13132
61	R B Root . Organisation of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs, 1973, 43( 1): 95–124 https://doi.org/10.2307/1942161
62	D A, Landis S D, Wratten G M Gurr . Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 2000, 45( 1): 175–201 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.175
63	D A, Bohan C, Hawes A J, Haughton I, Denholm G T, Champion J N, Perry S J Clark . Statistical models to evaluate invertebrate-plant trophic interactions in arable systems. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2007, 97( 3): 265–280 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485307004890
64	C, Hawes A J, Haughton D A, Bohan G R Squire . Functional approaches for assessing plant and invertebrate abundance patterns in arable systems. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2009, 10( 1): 34–42 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2007.11.007
65	B M, Smith N J, Aebischer J, Ewald S, Moreby C, Potter J M Holland . The potential of arable weeds to reverse invertebrate declines and associated ecosystem services in cereal crops. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2020, 3 : 118 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00118
66	J, Storkey P Neve . What good is weed diversity. Weed Research, 2018, 58( 4): 239–243 https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12310
67	G R, Squire C, Hawes G S, Begg M W Young . Cumulative impact of GM herbicide-tolerant cropping on arable plants assessed through species-based and functional taxonomies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2009, 16( 1): 85–94 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0072-6
68	A J, Karley C, Mitchell C, Hawes M W, Young R W, Brooker R J, Pakeman P P M, Iannetta A C Newton . Crop species mixtures as part of integrated farm management. In: Proceedings of the Crop Production in Northern Britain conference. Dundee: CABI, 2020, 143–147
69	M P D, Garratt S G, Potts G, Banks C, Hawes T D, Breeze R S, O’Connor C Carvell . Capacity and willingness of farmers and citizen scientists to monitor crop pollinators and pollination services. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2019, 20 : e00781 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00781
70	T D, Breeze A P, Bailey K G, Balcombe T, Brereton R, Comont M, Edwards M P, Garratt M, Harvey C, Hawes N, Isaac M, Jitlal C, Jones W E, Kunin P, Lee R K A, Morris A, Musgrove R S, O’Connor J, Peyton S G, Potts S P M, Roberts D B, Roy H E, Roy C Q, Tang A J, Vanbergen C Carvell . Pollinator monitoring more than pays for itself. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 58( 1): 44–57 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13755
71	M, Maluk F, Ferrando-Molina del Egido, Lopez , LA, Langarica-Fuentes G G, Yohannes M W, Young P, Martin R, Gantlett G, Kenicer C, Hawes G S, Begg R S, Quilliam G R, Squire J P W, Young P P M, Iannetta E K James . Fields with no recent legume cultivation have sufficient nitrogen-fixing rhizobia for crops of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plant and Soil, 2022 [Published Online] doi: 10.1007/s11104–021-05246–8
72	L, Zhang N, Shi J, Fan F, Wang T S, George G Feng . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulate organic phosphate mobilization associated with changing bacterial community structure under field conditions. Environmental Microbiology, 2018, 20( 7): 2639–2651 https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14289
73	A, Flohre M, Rudnick G, Traser T, Tscharntke T Eggers . Does soil biota benefit from organic farming in complex vs. simple landscapes? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2011, 141(1–2): 210–214
74	A F, Quadros M Zimmer . Aboveground macrodetritivores and belowground soil processes: insights on species redundancy. Applied Soil Ecology, 2018, 124 : 83–87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.11.008
75	D A, Bohan S J, Powers G, Champion A J, Haughton C, Hawes G, Squire J, Cussans S K Mertens . Modelling rotations: can crop sequences explain arable weed seedbank abundance? Weed Research, 2011, 51(4): 422–432
76	E Oerke . Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2006, 144( 1): 31–43 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708
77	G S, Begg S M, Cook R, Dye M, Ferrante P, Franck C, Lavigne G L, Lövei A, Mansion-Vaquie J K, Pell S, Petit N, Quesada B, Ricci S D, Wratten A N E Birch . A functional overview of conservation biological control. Crop Protection, 2017, 97 : 145–158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.11.008
78	E A, Martin M, Dainese Y, Clough A, Báldi R, Bommarco V, Gagic M P D, Garratt A, Holzschuh D, Kleijn A, Kovács-Hostyánszki L, Marini S G, Potts H G, Smith Hassan D, Al M, Albrecht G K S, Andersson J D, Asís S, Aviron M V, Balzan L, Baños-Picón I, Bartomeus P, Batáry F, Burel B, Caballero-López E D, Concepción V, Coudrain J, Dänhardt M, Diaz T, Diekötter C F, Dormann R, Duflot M H, Entling N, Farwig C, Fischer T, Frank L A, Garibaldi J, Hermann F, Herzog D, Inclán K, Jacot F, Jauker P, Jeanneret M, Kaiser J, Krauss Féon V, Le J, Marshall A C, Moonen G, Moreno V, Riedinger M, Rundlöf A, Rusch J, Scheper G, Schneider C, Schüepp S, Stutz L, Sutter G, Tamburini C, Thies J, Tormos T, Tscharntke M, Tschumi D, Uzman C, Wagner M, Zubair-Anjum I Steffan-Dewenter . The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe. Ecology Letters, 2019, 22( 7): 1083–1094 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13265
79	S, Redlich E A, Martin I Steffan-Dewenter . Landscape-level crop diversity benefits biological pest control. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 55( 5): 2419–2428 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13126
80	B, Feit N, Blüthgen E, Daouti C, Straub M, Traugott M Jonsson . Landscape complexity promotes resilience of biological pest control to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2021, 288( 1951): 20210547
81	B, Ricci C, Lavigne A, Alignier S, Aviron L, Biju-Duval J C, Bouvier J P, Choisis P, Franck A, Joannon S, Ladet F, Mezerette M, Plantegenest G, Savary C, Thomas A, Vialatte S Petit . Local pesticide use intensity conditions landscape effects on biological pest control. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2019, 286( 1904): 20182898
82	A F G Dixon . Aphid ecology: an optimization approach. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media LLC, 1998
83	B, Fenton G, Malloch J A, Woodford S P, Foster J, Anstead I, Denholm L, King J Pickup . The attack of the clones: tracking the movement of insecticide-resistant peach-potato aphids Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2005, 95( 5): 483–494 https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2005380
84	L E, Walsh O, Schmidt S P, Foster C, Varis J, Grant G L, Malloch M T Gaffney . Evaluating the impact of pyrethroid insecticide resistance on reproductive fitness in Sitobion avenae. Annals of Applied Biology, 2021 [Published Online] doi: 10.1111/aab.12738
85	J, Guo S, Hatt K, He J, Chen F, Francis Z Wang . Nine facultative endosymbionts in aphids. A review. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2017, 20( 3): 794–801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.03.025
86	S E, Zytynska K, Tighiouart E Frago . Benefits and costs of hosting facultative symbionts in plant-sucking insects: a meta-analysis. Molecular Ecology, 2021, 30( 11): 2483–2494 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15897
87	B, Fenton J T, Margaritopoulos G L, Malloch S P Foster . Micro-evolutionary change in relation to insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid. Myzus persicae. Ecological Entomology, 2010, 35( s1): 131–146 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01150.x
88	H V, Clarke S P, Foster L, Oliphant E W, Waters A J Karley . Co-occurrence of defensive traits in the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Ecological Entomology, 2018, 43(4): 538−542
89	D J, Leybourne J I B, Bos T A, Valentine A J Karley . The price of protection: a defensive endosymbiont impairs nymph growth in the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. Insect Science, 2020a, 27(1): 69–85
90	D J, Leybourne T A, Valentine J I B, Bos A J Karley . A fitness cost resulting from Hamiltonella defensa infection is associated with altered probing and feeding behaviour in Rhopalosiphum padi. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2020b, 223(Pt 1): jeb207936
91	G E, Jackson G, Malloch L, McNamara D Little . Grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) with knockdown resistance (kdr) to insecticide exhibit fitness trade-offs, including increased vulnerability to the natural enemy Aphidius ervi. PLoS One, 2020, 15(11): e0230541
92	R W, Brooker R, Hewison C, Mitchell A C, Newton R J, Pakeman C, Schöb A J Karley . Does crop genetic diversity support positive biodiversity effects under experimental drought? Basic and Applied Ecology, 2021b, 56: 431–445
93	D J, Leybourne K F, Preedy T A, Valentine J I B, Bos A J Karley . Drought has negative consequences on aphid fitness and plant vigor: insights from a meta-analysis. Ecology and Evolution, 2021, 11( 17): 11915–11929 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7957
94	R N, Wade A J, Karley S N, Johnson S E Hartley . Impact of predicted precipitation scenarios on multitrophic interactions. Functional Ecology, 2017, 31( 8): 1647–1658 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12858
95	K F, Preedy M A J, Chaplain D J, Leybourne G, Marion A J Karley . Learning-induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilized under abiotic stress. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2020, 89( 5): 1216–1229 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13189
96	M, Lee Y, Kim J J, Park K Cho . Prediction of changing predator–prey interactions under warming: a simulation study using two aphid–ladybird systems. Ecological Research, 2021, 36( 5): 788–802 https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12243
97	A, Teixeira P, Iannetta K, Binnie T A, Valentine P Toorop . Myxospermous seed-mucilage quantity correlates with environmental gradients indicative of water-deficit stress: Plantago species as a model. Plant and Soil, 2020, 446( 1−2): 343–356 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04335-z
98	J L, Brown R, Stobart P D, Hallett N L, Morris T S, George A C, Newton T A, Valentine B M McKenzie . Variable impacts of reduced and zero tillage on soil carbon storage across 4–10 years of UK field experiments. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2021, 21( 2): 890–904 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02799-6
99	J E, Holland A E, Bennett A C, Newton P J, White B M, McKenzie T S, George R J, Pakeman J S, Bailey D A, Fornara R C Hayes . Liming impacts on soils, crops and biodiversity in the UK: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 610–611: 316–332
100	R, Neilson S, Caul F C, Fraser D, King S M, Mitchell D M, Roberts M E Giles . Microbial community size is a potential predictor of nematode functional group in limed grasslands. Applied Soil Ecology, 2020, 156 : 103702 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103702
101	M B, Herold M E, Giles C J, Alexander E M, Baggs T J Daniell . Variable response of nirK and nirS containing denitrifier communities to long-term pH manipulation and cultivation. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2018, 365( 7): fny035 https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fny035
102	R, Neilson D M, Roberts K W, Loades A, Lozana T J Daniell . Healthy soils for crop production. In: Proceedings Crop Production in Northern Britain 2018. Norwich: Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd., 2018, 17–20
103	R, Neilson A, Lilly M, Aitkenhead R, Artz N, Baggaley M E, Giles J, Holland K, Loades P, Ovando M, Rivington M, Roberts J Yeluripati . Measuring the vulnerability of Scottish soils to a changing climate. ClimateXChange Report. Dundee: The James Hutton Institute, 2020
104	B C, Ball R M L, Guimarães J M, Cloy P R, Hargreaves T G, Shepherd B M McKenzie . Visual soil evaluation: a summary of some applications and potential developments for agriculture. Soil & Tillage Research, 2017, 173 : 114–124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.07.006
105	C J, Murphy E M, Baggs N, Morley D P, Wall E Paterson . Nitrogen availability alters rhizosphere processes mediating soil organic matter mineralisation. Plant and Soil, 2017, 417( 1−2): 499–510 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3275-0
106	E A Frison . IPES-Food. From uniformity to diversity: a paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. Louvain-la-Neuve. Belgium: IPES, 2016, 96
107	D, Renard D Tilman . National food production stabilized by crop diversity. Nature, 2019, 571( 7764): 257–260 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1316-y
108	C K, Khoury A D, Bjorkman H, Dempewolf J, Ramirez-Villegas L, Guarino A, Jarvis L H, Rieseberg P C Struik . Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111( 11): 4001–4006 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313490111
109	M, Rivington R, King D, Duckett P, Iannetta T G, Benton P J, Burgess C, Hawes L, Wellesley J G, Polhill M, Aitkenhead L M, Lozada-Ellison G, Begg A G, Williams A, Newton A, Lorenzo-Arribas R, Neilson C, Watts J, Harris K, Loades D, Stewart D, Wardell-Johnson G, Gandossi E, Udugbezi J A, Hannam C Keay . UK food and nutrition security during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition Bulletin, 2021, 46( 1): 88–97 https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12485
110	H, Zhang Y, Li J K Zhu . Developing naturally stress-resistant crops for a sustainable agriculture. Nature Plants, 2018, 4( 12): 989–996 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0309-4
111	H, Ferreira E, Pinto M W Vasconcelos . Legumes as a cornerstone of the transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems and diets in Europe. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2021, 5 : 694121 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.694121
112	P P M, Iannetta C, Hawes G S, Begg H, Maaß G, Ntatsi D, Savvas M, Vasconcelos K, Hamann M, Williams D, Styles L, Toma S, Shrestha B, Balázs E, Kelemen M, Debeljak A, Trajanov R, Vickers R M Rees . A multifunctional solution for wicked problems: value-chain wide facilitation of legumes cultivated at bioregional scales is necessary to address the climate-biodiversity-nutrition nexus. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2021, 5 : 692137 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.692137
113	A M, Villegas-Fernández D Rubiales . Trends and perspectives for faba bean production in the Mediterranean Basin. Legume Perspectives, 2015, 10 : 31–33
114	M, Reckling T F, Döring G, Bergkvist F L, Stoddard C A, Watson S, Seddig F M, Chmielewski J Bachinger . Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2018, 38( 6): 63 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0541-3
115	L Montanarella . Trends in land degradation in Europe. In: Sivakumar M V K, Ndiang’ui N, eds. Climate and land degradation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007, 83–104
116	L R Oldeman . Global extent of soil degradation. In: Bi-Annual Report 1991–1992/ISRIC. Wageningen: ISRIC, 1992, 19–36
117	N, Droste W, May Y, Clough G, Börjesson M, Brady K Hedlund . Soil carbon insures arable crop production against increasing adverse weather due to climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 2020, 15 : 124034 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc5e3
118	P P M, Iannetta M, Young J, Bachinger G, Bergkvist J, Doltra R J, Lopez-Bellido M, Monti V A, Pappa M, Reckling C F E, Topp R L, Walker R M, Rees C A, Watson E K, James G R, Squire G S Begg . A comparative nitrogen balance and productivity analysis of legume and non-legume supported cropping systems: the potential role of biological nitrogen fixation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016, 7 : 1700 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01700
119	G R, Squire N, Quesada G S, Begg P P M Iannetta . Transitions to greater legume inclusion in cropland: defining opportunities and estimating benefits for the nitrogen economy. Food and Energy Security, 2019, 8( 4): e00175 https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.175
120	I, Leinonen P P M, Iannetta R M, Rees W, Russell C, Watson A P Barnes . Lysine supply is a critical factor in achieving sustainable global protein economy. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2019, 3 : 27 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00027
121	I, Leinonen P P M, Iannetta M, MacLeod R M, Rees W, Russell C, Watson A P Barnes . Regional land use efficiency and nutritional quality of protein production. Global Food Security, 2020, 26 : 100386 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100386
122	T, Lienhardt K, Black S, Saget M P, Costa D, Chadwick R M, Rees M, Williams C, Spillane P M, Iannetta G, Walker D Styles . Just the tonic! Legume biorefining for alcohol has the potential to reduce Europe’s protein deficit and mitigate climate change. Environment International, 2019, 130: 104870
123	T, Lienhardt K, Black S, Saget M P, Costa D, Chadwick R, Rees M, Williams C, Spillane P, Iannetta G, Walker D Styles . Data for life cycle assessment of legume biorefining for alcohol. Data in Brief, 2019, 25: 104242
124	K, Black A, Tziboula‐Clarke P J, White P P M, Iannetta G Walker . Optimised processing of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) kernels as a brewing adjunct. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 2021, 127( 1): 13–20 https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.632
125	J E, Hermansen U, Jørgensen P E, Laerke K, Manevski B, Boelt S K, Jensen M R, Weisbjerg T K, Dalsgaard M, Danielsen T, Asp M, Amby-Jensen C A G, Sørensen M V, Jensen M, Gylling J, Lindedam M, Lübeck E Fog . Green biomass: protein production through biorefining. Danish Centre for Food & Agriculture (DCA) Report No.93. Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2017
126	Ermgassen E K, zu B, Phalan R E, Green A Balmford . Reducing the land use of EU pork production: where there’s swill, there’s a way. Food Policy, 2016, 58 : 35–48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001
127	H, Westhoek T, Rood den Berg M, van J, Janse D, Nijdam M, Reudink E Stehfest . The protein puzzle: the consumption and production of meat, dairy and fish in the European Union. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2011, 123–144
128	P P M, Iannetta F, Muel A, Charlton E Rosa . Legume Value Chain: market requirements and economic impact. The International Legume Society, 2017, 14
129	M W, Vasconcelos B, Balázs E, Kelemen G R, Squire P P M Iannetta . Editorial: transitions to sustainable food and feed systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019, 10 : 1283 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01283
130	M W, Vasconcelos A M, Gomes E, Pinto H, Ferreira E D F, Vieira A P, Martins C S, Santos B, Balázs E, Kelemen K T, Hamann M, Williams P P M Iannetta . The push, pull and enabling capacities necessary for legume grain inclusion into sustainable agri-food systems and healthy diets. In: Biesalski H K, ed. Hidden Hunger and the Transformation of Food Systems. How to Combat the Double Burden of Malnutrition? Basel, Karger: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020, 193–211
131	M W, Vasconcelos M A, Grusak E, Pinto A, Gomes H, Ferreira B, Balázs T, Centofanti G, Ntatsi D, Savvas A, Karkanis M, Williams A, Vandenberg L, Toma S, Shrestha F, Akaichi Barrios C, Ore S, Gruber E K, James M, Maluk A, Karley P Iannetta . The biology of legumes and their agronomic, economic, and social impact. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Araújo S, Gill S S, eds. The Plant Family Fabaceae. Singapore: Springer 2020, 3–25
132	P R, Shukla J, Skea Buendia E, Calvo V, Masson-Delmotte H O, Pörtner D C, Roberts P, Zhai R, Slade S, Connors Diemen R, Van M Ferrat . Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Switzerland: Intergovermental Panel of Climate Change, 2019
133	P, Alexander C, Brown A, Arneth J, Finnigan M D A Rounsevell . Human appropriation of land for food: the role of diet. Global Environmental Change, 2016, 41 : 88–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.09.005
134	M, Springmann D, Mason-D’Croz S, Robinson T, Garnett H C J, Godfray D, Gollin M, Rayner P, Ballon P Scarborough . Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study. Lancet, 2016, 387( 10031): 1937–1946 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01156-3
135	W, Willett J, Rockström B, Loken M, Springmann T, Lang S, Vermeulen T, Garnett D, Tilman F, DeClerck A, Wood M, Jonell M, Clark L J, Gordon J, Fanzo C, Hawkes R, Zurayk J A, Rivera Vries W, De Sibanda L, Majele A, Afshin A, Chaudhary M, Herrero R, Agustina F, Branca A, Lartey S, Fan B, Crona E, Fox V, Bignet M, Troell T, Lindahl S, Singh S E, Cornell Reddy K, Srinath S, Narain S, Nishtar C J L Murray . Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet, 2019, 393( 10170): 447–492 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4
136	B, Balázs E, Kelemen T, Centofanti M W, Vasconcelos P P M Iannetta . Integrated policy analysis to identify transformation paths to more sustainable legume-based food and feed value-chains in Europe. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 2021, 45( 6): 931–953 https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2021.1884165
137	C, Schöb S, Hortal A J, Karley L, Morcillo A C, Newton R J, Pakeman J R, Powell I C, Anderson R W Brooker . Species but not genotype diversity strongly impacts the establishment of rare colonisers. Functional Ecology, 2017, 31( 7): 1462–1470 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12848
138	R W, Brooker A J, Karley L, Morcillo A C, Newton R J, Pakeman C Schöb . Crop presence, but not genetic diversity, impacts on the rare arable plant Valerianella rimosa. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 2018, 10(5–6): 5–6
139	N, Engbersen R W, Brooker L, Stefan B, Studer C Schöb . Temporal differentiation of resource capture and biomass accumulation as a driver of yield increase in intercropping. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021, 12 : 668803 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.668803
140	E J, Schofield J K, Rowntree E, Paterson R W Brooker . Temporal dynamics of resource capture: a missing factor in ecology? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 33(4): 277–286
141	E J, Schofield R W, Brooker J K, Rowntree E A C, Price F Q, Brearley E Paterson . Plant-plant competition influences temporal dynamism of soil microbial enzyme activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2019a, 139: 107615
142	E J, Schofield J K, Rowntree E, Paterson M J, Brewer E A C, Price F Q, Brearley R W Brooker . Cultivar differences and impact of plant-plant competition on temporal patterns of nitrogen and biomass accumulation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019, 10 : 215 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00215
143	F K D C, Félix L A J, Letti de Melo Pereira G, Vinícius P G B, Bonfim V T, Soccol C R Soccol . L-lysine production improvement: a review of the state of the art and patent landscape focusing on strain development and fermentation technologies. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2019, 39( 8): 1031–1055 https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2019.1663149

[1]	Hans LAMBERS, Wen-Feng CONG. CHALLENGES PROVIDING MULTIPLE ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGED SYSTEMS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 170-176.
[2]	Wen-Feng CONG, Chaochun ZHANG, Chunjie LI, Guangzhou WANG, Fusuo ZHANG. DESIGNING DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN CHINA: THEORY, APPROACHES AND IMPLEMENTATION[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 362-372.
[3]	Yakov KUZYAKOV, Anna GUNINA, Kazem ZAMANIAN, Jing TIAN, Yu LUO, Xingliang XU, Anna YUDINA, Humberto APONTE, Hattan ALHARBI, Lilit OVSEPYAN, Irina KURGANOVA, Tida GE, Thomas GUILLAUME. New approaches for evaluation of soil health, sensitivity and resistance to degradation[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(3): 282-288.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed