AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF REINTRODUCING HERB- AND LEGUME-RICH MULTISPECIES LEYS INTO ARABLE ROTATIONS: A REVIEW

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2021439

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 9

Issue (2) : 245-271 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021439

REVIEW

AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF REINTRODUCING HERB- AND LEGUME-RICH MULTISPECIES LEYS INTO ARABLE ROTATIONS: A REVIEW

Emily C. COOLEDGE¹(

), David R. CHADWICK¹, Lydia M. J. SMITH², Jonathan R. LEAKE³, Davey L. JONES^1,⁴

¹. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
². National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 OLE, UK
³. Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
⁴. Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia

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Abstract

● Arable-ley rotations can alleviate soil degradation and erosion.

● Multispecies leys can improve livestock health and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

● Ley botanical composition is crucial for determining benefits.

● Lack of livestock infrastructure in arable areas may prevent arable-ley uptake.

● Long-term (10–25 years) research is needed to facilitate evidence-based decisions.

Agricultural intensification and the subsequent decline of mixed farming systems has led to an increase in continuous cropping with only a few fallow or break years, undermining global soil health. Arable-ley rotations incorporating temporary pastures (leys) lasting 1–4 years may alleviate soil degradation by building soil fertility and improving soil structure. However, the majority of previous research on arable-ley rotations has utilized either grass or grass-clover leys within ungrazed systems. Multispecies leys, containing a mix of grasses, legumes, and herbs, are rapidly gaining popularity due to their promotion in agri-environment schemes and potential to deliver greater ecosystem services than conventional grass or grass-clover leys. Livestock grazing in arable-ley rotations may increase the economic resilience of these systems, despite limited research of the effects of multispecies leys on ruminant health and greenhouse gas emissions. This review aims to evaluate previous research on multispecies leys, highlighting areas for future research and the potential benefits and disbenefits on soil quality and livestock productivity. The botanical composition of multispecies leys is crucial, as legumes, deep rooted perennial plants (e.g., Onobrychis viciifolia and Cichorium intybus) and herbs (e.g., Plantago lanceolata) can increase soil carbon, improve soil structure, reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirements, and promote the recovery of soil fauna (e.g., earthworms) in degraded arable soils while delivering additional environmental benefits (e.g., biological nitrification inhibition and enteric methane reduction). Multispecies leys have the potential to deliver biologically driven regenerative agriculture, but more long-term research is needed to underpin evidence-based policy and farmer guidance.

Keywords bioactive forages integrated crop-livestock systems nitrogen cycling plant secondary metabolites soil carbon soil quality

Corresponding Author(s): Emily C. COOLEDGE

Just Accepted Date: 08 April 2022 Online First Date: 09 May 2022 Issue Date: 25 May 2022

Cite this article:

Emily C. COOLEDGE,David R. CHADWICK,Lydia M. J. SMITH, et al. AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF REINTRODUCING HERB- AND LEGUME-RICH MULTISPECIES LEYS INTO ARABLE ROTATIONS: A REVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 245-271.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021439
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I2/245

Fig.1 Comparison of the ecosystem services and disservices produced by arable farming, livestock farming and arable-ley rotations.

Publication	Country	Average annual rainfall (mm)	Soil type	Arable-ley rotation	Ley composition	Ley management	Soil depth measured (cm)	Annual C input to soil	Change in SOC	Comments
Börjesson et al.^[¹²⁶^]	Sweden	569 (Lönnstorp), 558 (Lanna)	Loam (Lönnstorp), clay (Lanna)	4-year rotation: 3 years ley, 1-year cereal crop	Grass-clover (meadow fescue, timothy, and red clover)	Mown with biomass removed. Four N fertilizer treatments: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ N	0–20	1.7–2.5 t·ha⁻¹ C in leys, 0.25– 1 t·ha⁻¹ C in cereals	+ 0.28 (– N) + 0.35 (+ N) t·ha⁻¹ C at Lönnstorp.+ 0.07 (– N) and + 0.17 (+ N) t·ha⁻¹ C at Lanna	No significant effect of N fertilizer on SOC stocks in the ley rotations
Johnston et al.^[²²^]	UK	640	Sandy loam	Alternating rotation lengths followed by 8-year ley rotation. All leys followed by 2-year arable crop	Grass or grass-clover (ley composition not given)	Grazed by sheep or mown with biomass removed	0–25	n.d.	+ 0.01 t·ha⁻¹ C for 3-year grass ley. + 0.16 t·ha⁻¹ C for 3-year grass-clover ley. + 0.36 t·ha⁻¹ C for 8-year grass ley. + 0.28 t·ha⁻¹ C for 8-year grass-clover ley	Long-term field trial started in 1938. Changes in SOC data are measured from 1965−1974 to 2000–2009
Krauss et al.^[¹²⁷^]	Switzerland	1303 (2012), 1112 (2013), 966 (2014)	Calcareous clay	6-year rotation: 2-year ley, 4-year arable crop	Grass-clover (ley composition not given)	Mown with biomass removed. Cattle slurry applied after each cut	0–50	n.d.	+ 8.1 t·ha⁻¹ C for arable-ley soils under reduced tillage and manure application compared to conventional tillage	Increased stratification in soils under no-till management with manure applications, with highest SOC content in the surface soil. SOC did not increase in lower layers
Albizua et al.^[⁵⁰^]	Sweden	655	Sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and coarse-loamy soil	4-year rotation: 1-year ley, 3-year crop	Grass (ley composition not given)	Mineral N fertilizer addition: 0– 150 kg·ha⁻¹ N. 20– 30 t·ha⁻¹ of manure applied following wheat harvest at the end of the 4th year in rotation	0–20	n.d.	+ 0.39% SOC in 0 kg·ha⁻¹ N ley system + 0.1% SOC in 150 kg·ha⁻¹ N ley system	Leys in rotation with additional mineral N fertilizer inputs results in positive effect on SOC content
Chan et al.^[¹²⁸^]	Australia	544	Clay loam	3- or 6-year rotation: see paper for more details	Grass-legume (reed canary grass, cocksfoot, lucerne, and subterranean clover) or grass-clover (annual ryegrass and subterranean clover)	Grazed by sheep or mown with biomass removed	0–30	n.d.	+ 500–700 kg·ha^−1·yr⁻¹ C	Long-term field trials ranging 13–25 years. Increased SOC stocks following ley are quickly depleted by tillage and crop residue management
Bolinder et al.^[¹²⁹^]	Sweden	567 (Offer), 490 (Ås), and 566 (Röbäcksdalen)	Silty clay loam	6-year rotation: 1–5 years of ley and arable crop	Grass-clover (meadow fescue, timothy, and red clover)	Ungrazed. Manure applied to ley in autumn (20 t·ha⁻¹)	0–25	n.d.	+ 12 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹ C for rotation A (5 years ley, 1-year crop)	60-year field-trial of leys in organic dairy cropping systems
Chirinda et al.^[¹³⁰^]	Denmark	704	Sandy loam	4-year rotation: 1-year ley, 3-year arable with catch crops undersown in the barley crop	Grass-clover (white clover and perennial ryegrass or red clover and perennial ryegrass)	Mown with biomass removed. Anaerobically digested pig slurry used as N fertilizer	0–30	3.95 ± 0.06 t·ha⁻¹ C between 1997 and 2007	−1 g·kg⁻¹ C between 1996 and 2008	10-year field trial. Increased C inputs resulted in increased microbial activity but not C storage
Christensen et al.^[⁸⁶^]	Denmark	862	Sandy loam	6-year rotation: 1−6-year ley in rotation with barley undersown with grass	Grass (perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, timothy, smooth meadow grass)	Mown with biomass removed. 225 kg·ha^-1·yr⁻¹ N of mineral fertilizer applied. 75 kg·ha⁻¹ N after the first and 50 kg·ha⁻¹ N second cut	0–20	n.d.	+ 1100 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ C in soils under ley	Lack of residual effect highlights need for legumes in the ley composition
van Eekeren et al.^[⁹⁹^]	Germany	n.d.	Sandy loam	6-year rotation: 3-year grass-clover ley, 3-years arable crop	Grass-clover (perennial ryegrass and white clover)	Grazed by dairy heifers from 1966 to 1989. Mineral N fertilizer: either 0 or 354 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ N	0–10	n.d.	+ 7.5 g SOC kg⁻¹ dry soil	Long-term field trial established in 1966 (* SOC content of permanent arable minus average SOC of temporary grassland and temporary arable)
Studdert et al.^[⁹⁶^]	Argentina	870	Loam	7-year rotation: 2-year or 4−5-year ley with respective crops in rotation	Grass-legume (cocksfoot, bulbous canary grass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, white clover and alfalfa)	Mown with biomass removed	0–15	n.d.	Returned to original SOC content 3−4 years under ley (37.2 g SOC per kg)	Long-term field trial established in 1976−1993
Clement and Williams^[¹³¹^]	UK	n.d.	n.d.	4-year ley	Grass-clover (see paper for details)	Grazed and mown for hay, with the post-mown ley grazed	0–15	n.d.	+ 0.23% SOC for grazed ley. + 0.17% SOC for cut and then grazed ley	Increases in SOC was limited to 2–3 cm of the topsoil

Tab.1 Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in arable-ley rotations, adapted from Schut et al.^[²¹^]

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