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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 9 Issue (1) : 82-97    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021404
REVIEW
BIOINSECTICIDES AS FUTURE MAINSTREAM PEST CONTROL AGENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Mingbo QU1,2, Hans MERZENDORFER3(), Bernard MOUSSIAN4(), Qing YANG1,2,5()
1. School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
3. Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
4. Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
5. Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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Abstract

•Wide use of botanical insecticides is limited by the availability of certain plants.

•Studies are needed to improve RNAi efficiency and to assess their safety risk.

•Microbial insecticides are promising, but they only control a narrow range of pests.

•Multitarget approach should be a promising strategy in future pest control.

•Nanoformulation could enhance stability and control the release of bioinsecticides.

Bioinsecticides are naturally-occurring substances from different sources that control insect pests. Ideal bioinsecticides should have low toxicity to non-target organisms. They should also be easily degraded in sewage treatment works and natural environments, highly effective in small quantities and affect target pests only. Public concerns about possible side-effects of synthetic pesticides have accelerated bioinsecticide research and development. However, to develop bioinsecticides into mainstream products, their high production costs, short shelf-life and often uncertain modes of action need to be considered. This review summarizes current progress on bioinsecticides which are categorized as biochemical insecticides and their derivatives, plant-incorporated protectants, and microbial bioinsecticides. The current constraints that prevent bioinsecticides from being widely used are discussed and future research directions are proposed.
Keywords biochemical insecticide      bioinsecticide      microbial bioinsecticides      plant-incorporated protectant      RNA insecticide     
Corresponding Author(s): Hans MERZENDORFER,Bernard MOUSSIAN,Qing YANG   
Just Accepted Date: 04 June 2021   Online First Date: 13 July 2021    Issue Date: 17 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Mingbo QU,Hans MERZENDORFER,Bernard MOUSSIAN, et al. BIOINSECTICIDES AS FUTURE MAINSTREAM PEST CONTROL AGENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(1): 82-97.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021404
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I1/82
Bioinsecticide Type Target Application References
Biochemical pesticides
Animal Animal hormones Juvenile hormone Juvenile hormone receptor These hormones are chemically unstable, thus their agonists and antagonist are widely used as insecticides [4,5]
Ecdysone Ecdysone receptor
Semiochemicals Aldehydes, terpenes, alkanes, triglycerides and so on – They are applied to suppress insect pests using strategies such as attract-and-kill, mass trapping, mating disruption, monitoring and push–pull [6–10]
Animal toxins Spider venoms Postsynaptic receptors They are mostly used as PIPs generating transgenic plants or for viral vector construction [11]
β-Toxins Insect voltage-gated sodium channels [12]
Microbial Chemicals Avermectins Glutamate-gated Cl− channels They are widely applied as insecticides. The high resistance by the pests has been developed, and toxicity to humans and animals has been reported [13,14]
Spinosyns Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Okaramines L-glutamate-gated chloride channels It could be developed as new insecticide [15]
Microbial toxins Bt endotoxins Receptor in the insect midgut cells They have been sprayed to control mosquito larvae in breeding areas. More frequently, they have been introduced into transgenic crops or sold with live spores to control insect pests [16–18]
Botanical insecticides Essential oils Neem oil, orange oil, rosemary oil, peppermint oil Multiple targets such as P450 cytochromes, octopamine receptors They have been widely used as bioinsecticides. However, many essential oils are restricted to local, indigenous use because of their lack of widespread cultivation [19–22]
Pyrethrins – Voltage-gated sodium channels It has been widely used in agricultural pest control, structural pest control and for public health [23]
Azadirachtin – Insect growth regulator It has been widely used for decades against insect pest [24–26]
Rotenone – Site I respiration in mitochondria It has been used as an insecticide for more than 150 years, but fallen out of favor in most industrialized countries because of mammalian toxicity [14]
Plant alkaloids Nicotine Cholinergic acetylcholine nicotinic receptor It has been used for many years as a fumigant for the control of many insects. But it is very toxic to humans by inhalation or skin contact [27]
Ryania Calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum It has limited use as insecticides because they are moderately toxic to mammals, but very toxic to fish [28]
Sabadilla Voltage-sensitive sodium channels It is used for the control of thrips on citrus, avocados, and mangos [28]
Plant-Incorporated Protectants
Insecticidal proteins-based PIPs Bt toxins – Receptor in the insect midgut cells Bt genes have been approved for commercialized cultivation in most of the major grain and economic crops. Other insecticidal proteins have also been evaluated as potential PIPs [29–31]
RNAi-based PIPs 　 – Multiple targets RNAi-based PIPs are highly specific and provide an environmentally friendly method to control insect pests. Public resentment toward genetically modified plants generally limits their acceptance [32,33]
Microbial bioinsecticides
Bacterial bioinsecticides – Bacillus thuringiensis Paenibacillus popilliae
Paenibacillus lentimorbus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas taiwanensis		 Release toxins targeting receptor in the insect midgut cells B. thuringiensis is the most widely used species to control a variety of insect pests in agriculture, forestry and public health. To date, over one hundred B. thuringiensis-based bioinsecticides have been developed [34,35]
Fungal bioinsecticides – Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopilae, Metarhizium rileyi, Paecilomyces farinosus, Verticillium lecanii Attack integument or gut epithelium, utilizing nutrients in the hemocoel, some release toxins They have been widely evaluated as control agents for a diverse variety of noxious arthropods of agricultural importance [35]
Viral bioinsecticides 　– Nucleopolyhedroviruses, granuloviruses Cell lysis The use of entomopathogenic viruses in global crop protection has grown in the last decade, mainly to control lepidopteran pests [36]
Tab.1  Type, target and application of different bioinsecticides
Fig.1  Delivery of dsRNA to insects by different approaches. Double-stranded RNA can be delivered directly, or by nanoparticles viruses, bacteria and transgenic plants. Following ingestion dsRNA is absorbed by midgut cells as shown here for the tobacco hornworm. The absorption of dsRNA may be mediated by endocytosis or may involve specific channels. In many insects the RNAi effect is systemic, requiring the spread of the silencing signal.
Fig.2  Multitarget strategy targeting the chitin degradation system. Structural data are derived from the PDB database (OfHex1, 3NSN; OfChtI, 3WQV; OfChtII, 6JAW; and OfChi-h, 1HKK).
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