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Frontiers of Chemistry in China

ISSN 1673-3495

ISSN 1673-3614(Online)

CN 11-5726/O6

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Front Chem Chin    2011, Vol. 6 Issue (3) : 190-199    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11458-011-0243-8
REVIEW ARTICLE
Visible light responsive TiO2 modification with nonmetal elements
Mingce LONG(), Weimin CAI
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abstract

Developing visible light responsive (VLR) TiO2 photocatalysts is essential and attractive for the consideration of solar energy utilization. A large amount of work have shown TiO2 modified with several nonmetal elements having VLR performance, although according to DFT calculation, Asahi denied the VLR properties of fluorine, carbon, etc. in doping TiO2. Therefore, the origins of VLR activity desire further delicate discussion. In this mini-review, several strategies for VLR TiO2 modification have been introduced, including N doping or B/N codoping, surface modification with sensitizing matter such as carbonaceous or other organic substances, surface alkoxyls modification via a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process, and enhanced dye sensitization by fluorine modification. Besides doping, there are much more approaches to fabricate VLR TiO2 modified with nonmetal elements. However, it is still in demand to explore new methods to obtain more stable and efficient VLR TiO2 for practical application.
Keywords visible light      modified      doping      TiO2      photocatalysis      sensitization      ligand-to-metal charge transfer     
Corresponding Author(s): LONG Mingce,Email:long_mc@sjtu.edu.cn   
Issue Date: 05 September 2011
 Cite this article:   
Mingce LONG,Weimin CAI. Visible light responsive TiO2 modification with nonmetal elements[J]. Front Chem Chin, 2011, 6(3): 190-199.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcc/EN/10.1007/s11458-011-0243-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcc/EN/Y2011/V6/I3/190
Binding energy/eVSpecies
396-397N-Ti-N, nitride
399O-Ti-N (substitutional) or Ti-O-N-Ti (interstitial)
399-401N-N, N-O, N-C or adsorbed N2
407-408Nitrate, nitrite compounds
Tab.1  Relationship between nitrogen species and XPS binding energy of N
Fig.1  Calculated energy band structure of: (a) TiO and (b) N-doped TiO along the symmetry lines of the first Brillouin zone []
Fig.2  NMR spectrum of the sample S0 (xerogel ) []
Fig.3  Raman spectra of carbon modified S350 []
Fig.4  Scheme 1 Condensation products of melamine produced at 350°C-500°C in the absence of titania [].
Fig.5  Surface morphology of the samples (a) S-A; (b) S-C; (c) S-M []
Fig.6  Photodegradation of MO on different TiO samples under visible light (>400 nm) []
Fig.7  IR spectra of different TiO samples, with two magnified regions at: (I) 2980-2800 cm and (II) 1515-1200 cm []
Fig.8  Visible light degradation of MO on TiO samples (a) RH-80, (b) RH-240, (c)
RH-300 (with the photos of sample color) and IR spectra of different TiO samples (a) RH-80, (b) RH-240 and (c) RH-300 []
Fig.9  Scheme 2 Proposed visible light-induced photocatalytic mechanism on alkoxyl-modified TiO surface []
Fig.10  XRD patterns of different F-TiO samples: (1) TF0; (2) TF0.1; (3) TF0.5; (4) TF2. (The different value in TF (=0, 0.1, 0.5, 2) represents the molar ratio of F/Ti in the synthetic process) []
Fig.11  Methyl orange (MO) degradation on different F-TiO samples (a) under UV-visible light; (b) under visible light (catalyst dosage: 1 g/L; initial MO concentration: (a) 20 mg/L, (b) 10 mg/L) []
Fig.12  UV-Vis DRS of different F-TiO samples []
Treatment methodDegradation ratea
Effect of alkaline washwater-washed89.0%
NaOH-washed7.2%
Effect of heat treatmentuntreated89.0%
200°C-treated24.8%
300°C-treated20.8%
400°C-treated8.1%
Tab.2  The changes of visible light degradation of MO on sample TF2 after treatment with different methods [46]
Fig.13  Changes in XPS spectra on sample TF2 before and after further treatment (compared to sample TF0): (a) F 1s; (b) O 1s; (c) Ti 2p []
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