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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

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Front Chem Sci Eng    2012, Vol. 6 Issue (4) : 403-409    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-012-1224-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Metakaolinite as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
Jorge RAMIREZ-ORTIZ1(), Merced MARTINEZ2, Horacio FLORES3
1. Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, México; 2. University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, México; 3. Potosino Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, San Luis Potosí 78216, México
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Abstract

The use of metakaolinite as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil with methanol to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) was studied. Kaolinite was thermally activated by dehydroxylation to obtain the metakaolinite phase. Metakaolinite samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, simultaneous thermo-gravimetric analyse/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) experiments on the thermal decomposition of kaolinite and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis. Parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol, were also investigated. The transesterification reaction produced biodiesel in a maximum yield of 95% under the following conditions: metakaolinite, 5 wt-% (relative to oil); molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1∶23; reaction temperature, 160°C; reaction time, 4 h. After eight consecutive reaction cycles, the metakaolinite can be recovered and reused after being washed and dried. The biodiesel thus obtained exhibited a viscosity of 5.4?mm2?s–1 and a density of 900.1 kg?m–3. The results showed that metakaolinite is a prominent, inexpensive, reusable and thermally stable catalyst for the transesterification of waste cooking oil.
Keywords biodiesel      metakaolinite      transesterification      waste cooking oil     
Corresponding Author(s): RAMIREZ-ORTIZ Jorge,Email:jramirez@uaz.edu.mx   
Issue Date: 05 December 2012
 Cite this article:   
Jorge RAMIREZ-ORTIZ,Merced MARTINEZ,Horacio FLORES. Metakaolinite as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil[J]. Front Chem Sci Eng, 2012, 6(4): 403-409.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-012-1224-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2012/V6/I4/403
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.1  TGA/DSC data for parent kaolinite
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.2  XRD patterns of (a) parent kaolinite and (b) metakaolinite phase K= kaolinite; Q= quartz
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.3  FTIR spectra of parent kaolinite before (a) dehydroxylation and (b) metakaolinite phase
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Fig.4  Average size distribution of the metakaolionite (-?-) attenuation differential fraction
Attenuation size analysis /μm
d150.055
d500.201
d850.743
Mean size0.196
BET specific area /(m2?g–1)10
Tab.1  The size distribution and specific area of the metakaolinite particles
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.5  Yield of FAME and parameters related to the transesterification reaction, including temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and the molar ratio of oil to methanol
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.6  Yield of FAME as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.7  Acid value content as a function of time for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of WCO containing 10 wt-% OA
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
Fig.8  Stability of the metakaolinite as catalyst
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