Mesoporous zeolites for biofuel upgrading and glycerol conversion

doi:10.1007/s11705-017-1681-8

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 132-144 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-017-1681-8

REVIEW ARTICLE

Mesoporous zeolites for biofuel upgrading and glycerol conversion

Jian Zhang¹, Liang Wang¹, Yanyan Ji¹, Fang Chen¹(

), Feng-Shou Xiao^1,²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
². Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

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Abstract

With the recent emphasis and development of sustainable chemistry, the conversion of biomass feedstocks into alternative fuels and fine chemicals over various heterogeneous catalysts has received much attention. In particular, owing to their uniform micropores, strong acidity, and stable and rigid frameworks, zeolites as catalysts or co-catalysts have exhibited excellent catalytic performances in many reactions, including hydrodesulfurization, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and hydrodeoxygenation. However, the relatively small sizes of the zeolite micropores strongly limit the conversion of bulky biomolecules. To overcome this issue, mesoporous zeolites with pores larger than those of biomolecules have been synthesized. As expected, these mesoporous zeolites have outperformed conventional zeolites with improved activities, better selectivities, and longer catalyst lives for the upgrading of pyrolysis oils, the transformation of lipids into biofuels, and the conversion of glycerol into acrolein and aromatic compounds. This review briefly summarizes recent works on the rational synthesis of mesoporous zeolites and their superior catalytic properties in biomass conversion.

Keywords biomass conversion mesoporous zeolite sustainable chemistry

Corresponding Author(s): Fang Chen,Feng-Shou Xiao

Just Accepted Date: 17 August 2017 Online First Date: 26 December 2017 Issue Date: 26 February 2018

Cite this article:

Jian Zhang,Liang Wang,Yanyan Ji, et al. Mesoporous zeolites for biofuel upgrading and glycerol conversion[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(1): 132-144.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-017-1681-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2018/V12/I1/132

Fig.1 Pore-size distributions for meso-ZSM-5 derived from Ar adsorption-desorption isotherms using the (A) HK (Horváth-Kawazoe) and (B) BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) methods prepared by NaOH treatment of H-ZSM-5 (Si/Al= 26) at 70 °C. NaOH concentrations: (a) 0 mol/L, (b) 0.1 mol/L, (c) 0.3 mol/L, (d) 0.5 mol/L, (e) 1.0 mol/L, and (f) 1.5 mol/L. Adapted from ref [32] with permission

Tab.1 Textural parameters of ZSM-5 zeolites with the alkaline-acid treatments^a)

Fig.2 (a,c) N₂ isotherms at ?196 °C and (b) transmission electron micrographs of treated Si-rich USY zeolites. The scale bar in (b) applies to all images. Insets in (a) and (c) BJH mesopore size distributions. Adapted from ref [39] with permission

Fig.3 Argon sorption isotherms and nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) mesopore volume size distribution of ultra-stabilized mesostructured Y (red squares) and after being steamed at 788 °C for 8 h (blue diamonds). Adapted from ref [40] with permission

Fig.4 (a?c) SEM images of calcined Beta-MS at different magnifications. A pristine specimen without a coating was used to obtain the image of the original sample surface, and a low accelerating voltage of 1 kV was applied to minimize the charging effect; (d) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns; (e) N₂ sorption isotherms; (f) pore size distribution curves of calcined Beta-MS before (lower) and after (upper) hydrothermal treatment with a 100% steam flow at 700 °C for 2 h. Adapted from ref [42] with permission

Fig.5 SEM images of micro-meso-macroporous TS-1 (MMM-TS-1) products obtained after different crystallization periods. (a,b) MMM-TS-1(0); (c,d) MMM-TS-1(1); (e,f) MMM-TS-1(2); (g,h) MMM-TS-1(3). Adapted from ref [20] with permission

Fig.6 High-resolution TEM images of S-ZSM-5 zeolites with crystallization times of (a) 6, (b) 18, (c) 30, and (d) 72 h (the Si/Al ratio in the starting solid mixtures was 150). Adapted from ref [43] with permission

Tab.2 Catalytic data for the hydrodeoxygenation of phenol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol over various catalysts^a)

Fig.7 (a) Gas and (b) gasoline compositions in the catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil over microporous ZSM-5 (ZSM-5-P) and mesoporous ZSM-5 (HZ-0.5AAT) at 450 °C and a catalyst-to-oil ratio of 0.4 (g/g). Adapted from ref [45] with permission

Fig.8 Hydroconversion of Jatropha oil (triglycerides and free fatty acids) into hydrocarbons over sulfided Ni–Mo catalysts supported on high surface area semi-crystalline (HSASC) and low surface area crystalline (LSAC) hierarchical mesoporous H-ZSM-5: (a) conversion (█

▲

) and C₉?C₁₅ hydrocarbon yield (○

∇

) over LSAC (

▲

∇

) and HSASC (█○) supports; (b) distribution of isomer/normal alkane (C₉?C₁₅) ratios of products generated over LSAC (□) and HSASC (█) supports; and distribution of isomer/normal alkane (C₇?C₁₈) ratios at different reaction temperatures for HSASC (c) and LSAC (d) supports. Adapted from ref [50] with permission

Fig.9 SEM images of (a) pristine ZSM-5 and (b) NiSiO₂/ZSM-5; (c and d) TEM images of NiSiO₂/ZSM-5 and (e and f) Ni/ZSM-5; (g) elemental mapping of NiSiO₂/ZSM-5. The insets show the magnified crystal images and high resolution TEM images of shell nanosheets or Ni nanoparticles. Adapted from ref [46] with permission

Fig.10 Yields and conversions for stearic acid hydrodeoxygenation over (a) Ni/ZSM-5 and (b) IM-Ni/ZSM-5 with different Ni contents; results of stability tests for the (c) Ni/ZSM-5 and (d) IM-Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts; Ni contents were approximately 20.4 and 20.2 wt-%, respectively. Adapted from ref [46] with permission

Fig.11 Product compositions after 1 h reaction time for hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid over Ni incorporated untreated and treated HBEA catalysts. Adapted from ref [47] with permission

Fig.12 Correlation between mesopore volume and relative mass percentage measured at 150?700 °C. Adapted from ref [57] with permission

Fig.13 Glycerol conversion over different catalysts. Adapted from ref [58] with permission

Fig.14 Etherification of glycerol over mesoporous Beta zeolite. Adapted from ref [65] with permission

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