Self-supported transition metal phosphide based electrodes as high-efficient water splitting cathodes

doi:10.1007/s11705-018-1732-9

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (3) : 494-508 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1732-9

REVIEW ARTICLE

Self-supported transition metal phosphide based electrodes as high-efficient water splitting cathodes

Yan Zhang¹, Jian Xiao¹, Qiying Lv¹, Shuai Wang^1,²(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
². Flexible Electronics Research Center (FERC), School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

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Abstract

Electrolytic water splitting has been considered as a promising technology to produce highly pure H₂ by using electrical power produced from wind, solar energy or other fitful renewable energy resources. Combining novel self-supporting structure and high-performance transition metal phosphides (TMP) shows substantial promise for practical application in water splitting. In this review, we try to provide a comprehensive analysis of the design and fabrication of various self-supported TMP electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction, which are divided into three categories: catalysts growing on carbon-based substrates, catalysts growing on metal-based substrates and freestanding catalyst films. The material structures together with catalytic performances of self-supported electrodes are presented and discussed. We also show the specific strategies to further improve the catalytic performance by elemental doping or incorporation of nanocarbons. The simple and one-step methods to fabricate self-supported TMP electrodes are also highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for self-supported TMP electrodes in water splitting application are briefly discussed.

Keywords transition metal phosphide self-supported electrode electrocatalysis hydrogen evolution reaction

Corresponding Author(s): Shuai Wang

Just Accepted Date: 10 April 2018 Online First Date: 05 July 2018 Issue Date: 18 September 2018

Cite this article:

Yan Zhang,Jian Xiao,Qiying Lv, et al. Self-supported transition metal phosphide based electrodes as high-efficient water splitting cathodes[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(3): 494-508.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-018-1732-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2018/V12/I3/494

Fig.1 Two mechanisms of hydrogen evolution reaction on the surface of catalysts in acidic solution: (a) Volmer-Tafel mechanism; (b) Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism [⁵⁵]; (c) a volcano plot of experimentally measured exchange current density as a function of the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption [⁵⁷]

Fig.2 Low- and (inset) high-magnification SEM images of (a) Co(OH)F/CC and (b) CoP NW/CC, respectively; (c) polarization curves of CoP NW/CC, blank CC, and Pt/C in 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄ [⁷³]; (d) schematic illustration for the phosphidation process; (e) SEM images of the as-prepared CoP NS/CC with different magnifications; (f) polarization curves of the CoP NS/CC with different electrochemical deposition times; (g) the charges required to strip the Cu deposited at different under potentials for the CoP catalyst [⁷⁴]

Fig.3 (a) A schematic of the fabrication processes of porous Mo-W-P hybrid nanosheets on carbon cloth; (b) SEM image of Mo-W-P/CC; (c) TEM image and EDX elemental mapping images of Mo-W-P nanosheet [⁸⁵]; (d) low- and (inset) high-magnification SEM images; (e) elemental mapping and (f) HRTEM image of the NiCo₂P_x. Polarization curves of Pt sheet, NiP_x, CoP_x, NiCo₂P_x and blank CC obtained in (g) 1 mol?L^–¹ KOH, (h) 1 mol?L^–¹ PBS and (i) 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄, respectively [⁸⁶]

Fig.4 XRD patterns for (a) FeOOH and (b) FeP cross-section SEM images of (c) FeOOH NA/Ti and (d) FeP NA/Ti; (e) polarization curves of blank Ti plate, Pt/C and FeP NA/Ti in 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄, and (f) corresponding Tafel plots [⁹⁹]; (g) XRD patterns for Ti foil and u-CoP/Ti; (h) low- and (i) high-magnification SEM images of u-CoP/Ti; (j) TEM image of u-CoP; (k) polarization curves of u-CoP/Ti, CoP/Ti, Pt/C and blank Ti foil in 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄, and (l) corresponding Tafel plots [¹⁰⁰]

Fig.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic route for NiCoP nanostructure on Ni foam; (b) XRD patterns of NiCo-OH and NiCoP; (c) SEM image of NiCo-OH; (d) SEM images of NiCoP and (e) corresponding EDS elemental maps; (f, g) crystal structures in unit cell of Ni₂P and NiCoP; (h) free-energy diagram for H adsorption on the Ni₂P, NiCoP(0001) and Pt(111) surfaces; (i) polarization curves of NiCoP/NF, Ni₂P/NF, NiCo-OH/NF, and NF in 1 mol?L^–¹ KOH; (j) schematic illustration of the fabrication of CoP mesoporous nanorod arrays; (k) SEM and (l) TEM images of CoP-MNA [¹⁰⁶]; (m) scan-rate-dependent polarization curves for CoP-MNA, inset: increased current density percentage versus the scan rate at –0.2 V; (n) digital photographs of a bent CoP-MNA electrode; (o) variation of the current versus the bending angle, inset: schematic showing of the electrode under a defining the bending angle (left) and polarization curves in different bending angle (right) [¹¹¹]

Fig.6 (a) Low- and (b) high-magnification SEM images of Ni₅P₄-Ni₂P-NS array cathode; (c) TEM and (d) HRTEM images of a single Ni₅P₄-Ni₂P-NS; (e) polarization curves of Ni₅P₄-Ni₂P-NS array, pristine Ni foam, Pt sheet and Pt/C (20%) in 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄ [¹¹²]; (f) SEM image of Ni-P NA/NF [¹¹³]; (g) SEM and (h) TEM images of Ni₂P-NRs/Ni [¹¹⁴]

Fig.7 (a) Schematic description of the fabrication process of free-standing nanoporous metal phosphides; (b) the optical photograph of an as-prepared nanoporous Co₂P ribbon; (c–g) SEM images of np-Co₂P with controllable pore sizes; (h) tunable pore sizes as a function of the rotation rates (the pore size can be tailored from about 30 to 300 nm from 5 to 1 kr?min^–¹ [¹¹⁶]); (i) optical photos of the pure sponge, the sponge saturated precursors after calcination, and the black bulky sponge-shaped MoP; (j) low- and (k) high-magnification SEM images of MoP sponge; (l) polarization curves of 3D MoP samples normalized by the surface area in 0.5 mol?L^–¹ H₂SO₄ [¹¹⁸]

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