Recent progress of two-dimensional nanosheet membranes and composite membranes for separation applications

doi:10.1007/s11705-020-2016-8

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (4) : 793-819 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-2016-8

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent progress of two-dimensional nanosheet membranes and composite membranes for separation applications

Wei Wang, Yanying Wei(

), Jiang Fan, Jiahao Cai, Zong Lu, Li Ding, Haihui Wang(

)

School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

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Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a class of promising materials to prepare high-performance 2D membranes for various separation applications. The precise control of the interlayer nanochannel/sub-nanochannel between nanosheets or the pore size of nanosheets within 2D membranes enables 2D membranes to achieve promising molecular sieving performance. To date, many 2D membranes with high permeability and high selectivity have been reported, exhibiting high separation performance. This review presents the development, progress, and recent breakthrough of different types of 2D membranes, including membranes based on porous and non-porous 2D nanosheets for various separations. Separation mechanism of 2D membranes and their fabrication methods are also reviewed. Last but not the least, challenges and future directions of 2D membranes for wide utilization are discussed in brief.

Keywords membrane separation 2D membranes 2D materials nanosheet

Corresponding Author(s): Yanying Wei,Haihui Wang

Just Accepted Date: 27 November 2020 Online First Date: 22 January 2021 Issue Date: 04 June 2021

Cite this article:

Wei Wang,Yanying Wei,Jiang Fan, et al. Recent progress of two-dimensional nanosheet membranes and composite membranes for separation applications[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 793-819.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-020-2016-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/793

Fig.1 (a) Transport model of porous nanosheets-based membranes; (b) transport model of 2D lamellar membranes; (c) transport model of inter-sheet pathway A.

Fig.2 (a) Illustration of the floating-particle coating method to prepare MFI nanosheet monolayer seed coating; (b) SEM images of MFI nanosheet seed coatings on porous substrate via the LangmuirSchaefer (left) and the floating-particle coating (right). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [20], copyright 2018 Wiley VCH; (c) Microscopic characterizations of the silicalite nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [21], copyright 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Fig.3 (a) SEM images of (I) the top view and (II) cross-section view of an ultrathin Zn₂(bim)₄ nanosheet on a-Al₂O₃ support. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [4], copyright 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (b) Comparison of the Al-MOF membrane for ion separation with other representative 2D laminar membranes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47], copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (c) Illustration of the fabrication of b-oriented ZIF-L film and c-oriented ZIF-L film. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53], copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig.4 (a) Illustration of Zn₂(bim)₄ nanosheet membranes formation via GO guided self-conversion of ZnO nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55], copyright 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Illustration of Co₂(bim)₄ nanosheet membranes formation via vapor phase transformation of Co-based gel. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57], copyright 2018 Elsevier.

Fig.5 (a) Illustration of CNFs/COF membrane formation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [24], copyright 2019 Nature Publishing Group; (b) Structures of the AB stacking and the AA stacking COF membrane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [66], copyright 2020 Nature Publishing Group.

Fig.7 (a) Illustration of the partially decoupled defect nucleation and pore expansion to prepare NPG membranes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [103], copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (b) Schematic illustration of GNM/SWNT membranes fabrication. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106], copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Fig.9 (a) Synergistic effects of molecular sieving and carrier-facilitated transport by imitating biological protein nanochannels. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [145], copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons; (b) Schematic of the design of surface-charged GO membranes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [15], copyright 2019 Nature Publishing Group; (c) Scheme illustration of the preparation of the PHGOM. (d) Scheme of the working mechanism of a PHGOM-based device for water desalination. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [146], copyright 2020 Wiley VCH.

Fig.10 (a) The formation of ZIF-8 membranes on vertically aligned MgAl-CO₃ LDH layers. Reprimted with permission from Ref. [152], copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) The formation of ZIF-8 membranes on ZnAl-CO₃ LDH buffer layers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [153], copyright 2014 American Chemical Society; (c) The formation of ZIF-8 membranes via partial conversion of a ZnO buffer layer from a ZnAl-NO₃ LDH layer. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [154], copyright 2015 Wiley VCH; (d) Illustration of the vertically aligned COF membrane formation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [155], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

Fig.11 (a) The preparation of MXene membranes with Fe(OH)₃ served as distance holder. Reprimted with permission from Ref. [16], copyright 2017 Wiley VCH. (b) The fabrication of Ti₃C₂T_x membranes and c-Ti₃C₂T_x membranes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [167], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

Feed condition	Membrane	Fabrication approach	Permeability/permeance (of faster species)	Selectivity	Ref.
p-Xylene/o-xylene	MFI	Secondary growth	4 × 10^–7 mol?m^–2?s^–1?Pa^–1	25–45	[32]
p-Xylene/o-xylene	Silicalite-1	Gel-free secondary growth	1.3 × 10^–7 mol?m^–2?s^–1?Pa^–1	1050	[33]
p-Xylene/o-xylene	MFI	Gel-free secondary growth	2.4 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	500	[34]
p-Xylene/o-xylene	MFI	Gel-free secondary growth	5.6 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	2000	[35]
p-Xylene/o-xylene	MFI	Gel-free secondary growth	2.9 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	>10000	[20]
H₂/CO₂	AMH-3/PBI	Casting	1 Barrer	35	[39]
H₂/CO₂	Zn₂(bim)₄	Hot-drop coating	2700 GPU	291	[4]
H₂/CO₂	Zn₂(bim)₃	Hot-drop coating	8 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	166	[22]
H₂/CO₂	CuBDC-GO	Vacuum filtration	9.6 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	95.1	[52]
H₂/CO₂	Zn₂(bim)₄/GO	Direct growth	1.4 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	106	[55]
H₂/CO₂	MAMS-1	Hot-drop coating	553±228 GPU	235±14	[23]
H₂/CO₂	[Cu₂(ndc)₂(dabco)]n/PBI	Casting	6.13±0.03 Barrer	26.7	[49]
H₂/CO₂ H₂/N₂ H₂/CH₄	Zn₂(bim)₄	Direct growth	2.04 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	53 67 90	[56]
H₂/CO₂	Co₂(bim)₄	Vapor phase transformation	1.72 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	58.7	[57]
H₂/CO₂	c-Oriented ZIF-L	Secondary growth	1.95 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	24.3	[53]
H₂/CO₂	MXene	Vacuum filtration	2226.6 Barrer	167	[17]
H₂/CO₂	Polyimide-PGM	Vapor-liquid interfacial polymerization	6.85 × 10^–6 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	6.41	[105]
H₂/CO₂	TpEBr@TpPa-SO₃Na	Layer-by-layer assembly	2566 GPU	22.6	[25]
H₂/CO₂	COF-LZU1	In situ growth	3654.8 GPU	31.6	[155]
H₂/CO₂ H₂/N₂ H₂/CH₄	COF-LZU1-ACOF-1	Temperature-swing solvothermal approach	2.24 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1 2.38 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1 1.82 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	24.2 83.9 100.2	[65]
H₂/CO₂ H₂/N₂	GO	Vacuum filtration	10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	3400 900	[14]
H₂/CO₂ H₂/C₃H₈	EFDA-GO	External force driven assembly	840–1200 Barrer 3.9 × 10⁻⁷ mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	29–33 260	[5]
H₂/N₂	MCM-22/Silica	Layer-by-layer deposition	2.09 × 10^–8 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	7.5	[37]
H₂/N₂	MCM-22/Silica	Deposition cycles	10^–8 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	>100	[38]
H₂/CH₄	JDF-L1/6FDA-4MPD+ 6FDA-DABA	Casting	137±14 Barrer	35.6±1.4	[41]
H₂/CH₄	JDF-L1/polysulfone	Casting	12.5 Barrer	128±13	[42]
H₂/CH₄	MCM-41+ JDF-L1/ 6FDA-4MPD+ 6FDA-DABA	Casting	440 Barrer	32	[43]
H₂/CH₄	NiAl-CO₃ LDH	In situ growth	4.5 × 10^–8 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	78	[150]
H₂/CH₄	ZIF-8@MgAl-CO₃ LDH	In situ growth Secondary growth	1.4 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	12.9	[152]
H₂/CH₄	ZIF-8@ZnAl-CO₃ LDH	In situ growth	1.4 × 10^–7 molm^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	12.5	[153]
H₂/CH₄	ZIF-8@ZnAl-CO₃ LDH	In situ growth	1.9× 10^–8 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	83.1	[154]
H₂/CH₄	Porous graphene	LPCVD	6045 GPU	15.6	[103]
CO₂/CH₄	AMH-3/cellulose acetate	Casting	10.36±0.25 Barrer	30.03±0.34	[40]
CO₂/CH₄	CuBDC/PI	Casting	2.78±0.02 Barrer	88.2±1.3	[48]
CO₂/CH₄	CuBDC/PIM-1	Casting	407.3 GPU	15.6	[50]
CO₂/CH₄	CuBDC/6FDA-DAM	Casting	430±10 Barrer	43±3	[51]
CO₂/CH₄	LDH ()	Spin-casting	150 GPU	33	[151]
CO₂/N₂	MgAl-CO₃ LDH	Vacuum-suction	2.07 × 10^–7 mol·m^–2·s^–1·Pa^–1	35	[149]
CO₂/N₂	MoS₂-Pebax/PDMS/PSf	Drop-coating	64 Barrer	93	[185]
CO₂/N₂ CO₂/CH₄	MoS₂ SILM	Vacuum filtration	47.88 GPU	131.42 43.52	[186]
CO₂/N₂ CO₂/CH₄	WS₂ SILM	Vacuum filtration	47.3 GPU	153.21 68.81	[19]
C₂H₄/C₂H₆	Ag/IL-GO	Vacuum filtration Spin-coating	72.5 GPU	215	[145]
n-Butane/i-butane	MFI	Vacuum filtration	1923 GPU	58	[36]

Tab.1 Summary of gas separation for 2D-material membranes

Feed system	Membrane	Fabrication approach	Water flux	Rejection/%	Ref.
Evans blue	g-C₃N₄	Vacuum filtration	29 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	87	[26]
Evans blue	g-C₃N₄-PAA	Vacuum filtration	117 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	83	[69]
Evans blue	MXene	Vacuum filtration	1084 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	90	[16]
Evans blue	MoS₂	Vacuum filtration	245 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	89	[177]
Evans blue	WS₂	Vacuum filtration	1850 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	82	[178]
Evans blue	NSC-GO	Vacuum filtration	695 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	83.5	[126]
Evans blue	NbN/GO	Vacuum filtration	20 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98	[142]
Rhodamine B	CDs–GO	Vacuum filtration	439 L·m^–2·h^–1	96.9	[130]
Rhodamine B	Fe₃O₄@rGO	Filtration-disposition	296 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98.14	[128]
Rhodamine B	rGO-TH	Vacuum filtration	8526 · 30 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99±1	[121]
Rhodamine B	Tp-AD	Vacuum filtration	596 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98	[61]
Rhodamine B	SWCNT/GO	Vacuum filtration	710 ·50 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	97.4±0.3	[132]
Rhodamine B	g-C₃N₄ NT/rGO	Vacuum filtration	4.87 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98	[134]
Rhodamine B	CA/GO-TiO₂	Vacuum filtration	33.2 L·m^–2·h^–1	99.4	[131]
Rhodamine B	GO/TiO₂	Vacuum filtration	89.6 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99.3	[135]
Rhodamine B	rGO-TiO₂	Secondary growth	9.82 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98.5	[136]
Methylene blue	TAMoS₂	Vacuum filtration	10000 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98.26	[182]
Methylene blue	BPEI/GO	Vacuum filtration	2.09 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	96.4	[117]
Methylene blue	WS₂/GO	Vacuum filtration	159.6 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	96.3	[139]
Methylene blue	GO/MXene	Vacuum filtration	71.9 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99.5	[141]
Methyl blue	rGO	Vacuum filtration	21.8 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99.2	[137]
Methyl blue	SPPO/g-C₃N₄	Vacuum filtration	8867 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	100	[27]
Methyl red	Zn-TCP(Fe)/PEI	Vacuum filtration	4243 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98.2	[54]
Methyl orange	MgAlLDH	Vacuum filtration	298 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99.5	[161]
Methyl orange	MWNTs/GO	Vacuum filtration	8.69 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	96.1	[133]
Congo red	GO/NH₂-Fe₃O₄	Vacuum filtration	15.6 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	94	[129]
Congo red	GO/MoS₂	Pressure-assisted filtration	~10.2 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	99.6	[138]
Eriochrome black T	MgAl-LDH	In situ growth	566 L·m^–2·h^–1·MPa^–1	98.5	[160]
Chrome black T	COF-LZU1	In situ growth	760 L·m^–2·h^–1·MPa^–1	98	[64]
Acid yellow 14	c-Ti₃C₂T_x	Vacuum filtration	344 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	76.4	[167]
NaCl	PHGOM	Dual-flow filtration	1529 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	97	[146]
NaCl	GNM/SWNT	O₂ plasma drilling	22 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	98.1	[106]
NaCl	MXene	Vacuum filtration	2.8 L·m^–2·h^–1	96.5	[168]
NaCl	MoS₂	Chemical vapor deposition	>322 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	>99	[18]
NaCl	MoS₂	Vacuum filtration	33.7 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	82	[181]
NaCl	GO-PVAm-Silica	Pressure-assisted filtration	80.2 · 0.8 kg·m^–2·h^–1	99.99	[123]
NaCl	g-C₃N₄-PA	Interfacial polymerization	45 g·m^–2·h^–1	98	[76]
MgCl₂	GO	Pressure-assisted filtration Dip-coating	51.2 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	93.2	[15]
CoCl₂	Al-MOF	Vacuum filtration	2.22 mol·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	100	[47]
Na₂SO₄	COFs@CNFs	Vacuum filtration	42.8 L·m^–2·h^–1·bar^–1	96.8	[24]

Tab.2 Summary of nanofiltration for 2D-material membranes

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