Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2148-0

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (6) : 777-798 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2148-0

REVIEW ARTICLE

Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review

Siliu Lyu¹, Muhammad Adnan Younis¹, Zhibin Liu²(

), Libin Zeng², Xianyun Peng², Bin Yang¹, Zhongjian Li¹, Lecheng Lei^1,², Yang Hou^1,²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
². Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China

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Abstract

As an eco-friendly, efficient, and low-cost technique, photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy. In the photoelectrochemical system, the photoelectrode plays a vital role in absorbing the energy of sunlight to trigger the water splitting process and the overall efficiency depends largely on the integration and design of photoelectrochemical devices. In recent years, the optimization of photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemical devices to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a concise review of recent advances in the modification of nanostructured photoelectrodes and the design of photoelectrochemical devices is presented. Meanwhile, the general principles of structural and morphological factors in altering the photoelectrochemical performance of photoelectrodes are discussed. Furthermore, the performance indicators and first principles to describe the behaviors of charge carriers are analyzed, which will be of profound guiding significance to increasing the overall efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting system. Finally, current challenges and prospects for an in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization technologies and potential strategies for developing novel photoelectrodes and advanced photoelectrochemical water splitting devices are demonstrated.

Keywords photoelectrochemical water splitting photoelectrodes hydrogen production charge separation catalytic mechanism

Corresponding Author(s): Zhibin Liu,Yang Hou

Online First Date: 29 April 2022 Issue Date: 28 June 2022

Cite this article:

Siliu Lyu,Muhammad Adnan Younis,Zhibin Liu, et al. Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(6): 777-798.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2148-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/777

Fig.1 Schematic of PEC water splitting by using a semiconductor material.

Fig.2 The positions of VB and CB for several binary and ternary oxide semiconductors on the vacuum scale at pH = 7. The upper and lower dotted lines describe the energies of the reversible hydrogen and oxygen electrodes at pH = 7, respectively. Reprinted with permission from ref. [58], copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH.

Fig.3 Schematic processes of charge generation, transportation, as well as surface redox reactions on a photocatalyst.

Fig.4 The characterizations of structure and morphology for Ta/Ta₃N₅: (a) X-ray diffraction patterns and (b–e) scanning electron microscopy images of the top and cross-sectional areas of (b, c) the optimized and (d, e) non-optimized Ta/Ta₃N₅ nanorods. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [90], copyright 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) The synthetic routes for vertical SrNbO₂N nanorod arrays. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [91], copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig.5 (a) The suggested mechanism of photocatalytic process over Pt/TiO₂/CdS-ZCGSe/Au/BiVO₄:Mo. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [157], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) The mechanism for charge transportation in a Z-scheme system of d-ZCS-P/N-CNTs/Bi₄NbO₈Cl and (c) calculated band diagram. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [158], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig.6 Schematic diagrams of (a) synthesis method of H:Ti₃C₂T_x/Cu₂O photocathode, (b) a tandem solar-driven water splitting device, and (c) STH efficiencies under irradiation of AM 1.5 G simulated sunlight. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [165], copyright 2020, Elsevier. (d) Schematic structure of 2-BVO-FeOOH/NiOOH dual photoanodes coupled with a sealed PSC and (e) stability test of the unassisted water splitting as well as the corresponding STH value. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [169], copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (f) Schematic hierarchical structure of BiVO₄, (g) the experimental charge separation and transport efficiencies and (h) mitigation for charge recombination of BiVO₄ with a SnO₂ layer. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [170], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig.7 (a) Schematic illustration of the n-type TiO₂/p-type Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays architecture and estimated band diagrams of (b) n-Si/SiO_x/WO₃/Ti and (c) n-Si/SiO_x/TiO₂/Ti hetero-junctions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [175], copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (d) The InGaN nanowire arrays on Si substrate after deposition of Al₂O₃ and Pt, (e) band diagram of the InGaN/Si photocathode and (f) the structure of surface-modified InGaN nanowire. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [176], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

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